Chapter 6 anatomy

linear fracture

fracture parallel to long axis of bone

IGH

impaired glucose homeostasis

greenstick fracture

incomplete fracture (CHIlDREN)

thyroid hormone

increases basic metabolic rate

diaphysis

shaft of bone

45)Describe the signs and symptoms of osteoporosis and describe the risk factors for developing osteoporosis

-bones lose mass, become brittle RISKS-fracture hips,wrist,vertebral column -Fatal complicayions *PNEUMONIA* -deformed spine

48)Place the events of intramembranous ossification in the order in which they occur

-development of Ossification -calcification -formation of trabeculae -development of the periosteum

What bones are formed by intramembranous ossification

-flat bone -frontal,parietal skull bones mandible,maxilla

47)Place the events of fracture repair in the order in which they occur.

-fracture hematoma forms -fibrocartilaginous callus forms -bony callus forms -bone remodeling

Events and order of events in fracture repair The tissues found in bones

-hematoma formation -callus formation -callus osification -bone remodeling

42)What are the functions of the skeletal system?

-protection -support -movement -blood cell production -storage

37)which of the following is the correct order of events in bone repair of a fracture? 1.fibrocartilaginous callus 2. bone remodeling 3. bony callus forms 4. fracture hematoma forms

1.fracture Hematoma forms 2.Fibrocartilaginous callus 3.bony Callus forms 4.bone Remodeling

32)Place the events of institutional bone growth in the order in which they occure. 1.formation of new bone matrix 2.Removal calcified matrix by osteoclasts. 3. Invasion of area by osteoblasts and blood vessels. 4. Reproduction of somewhat enlarged chondrocytes occurs. 5. Death of chondrocytes. 6. Maturation of chondrocytes and accumulation of glycogen. 7. Calcification of cartilage matrix.

4,6,7,5,3,2,1 -reproduction of somewhat enlarged chondrocytes occurs -maturation of chondrocytes and accumulation -calcificatiokn of cartilage matrix -death of chondrocytes -invasion of area by osteoblasts and blood vessels -removal calcified matrix by osteoclasts -formation of bone matrix

20.Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of? A)bone matrix B)hyaline cartilage C)fibrous cartilage D)ligaments E)blood

A)bone matrix

11)The process of bones increasing in width is known as _____? A)interstitial growth B)epiphyseal plate closure C)appositional growth D) concentric growth

C)Appositional growth

9.Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ____. A)cartilage and compact bone B)marrow and osteoclasts C)Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts D)Chondrocytes and Osteocytes

C. Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

The term diploë refers to ________. A) double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone B) fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue C) internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones D) two types of marrow found within most bones

C. The internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

5. Ossification of the ends of long bones ________. A) is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation B) involves medullary cavity formation c) is produced by secondary ossification centers D) Takes twice as long as diaphysis ossification

C. is produced by second ossification centers

lamellae

Concentric rings made up of groups of hollow tubes of bone matrix

38)Why is the regulation of Ca2+ so critical to homeostasis? A) Ca2+ is important for proper neuron function. B) Ca2+ is important in cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction. C) Ca2+ is important in preventing blood clots. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.

D) A and B are correct

22. Rickets is A) bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection. B) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix. C) a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion. D) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones. E) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen development

D) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed and swollen bones

8) Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A)support B)Strorage of minerals C)production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) D)communication

D) communication

31) The zone of hypertrophic cartilage A)Is the zone closest to the epiphysis B)is filled with small chondrocytes that are not reproducing C)is only a few cells thick and contains calcified matrix D) is filled with large chondrocytes that are accumulating glycogen E) is the zone closest to the diaphysis

D)is filled with large chondrocytes that are accumulating glycogen

10.)The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of _____. A) cartilage and interstitial lamellae B)adipose tissue and nerve fibers C)yellow marrow and spicules D)blood vessels and nerve fibers

D.) blood vessels and nerve fibers

28) Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification? A)madible (lower jawbone) B)flat plates of the skull C)bone that replaces soft spots on an infant skull D)A and B are correct E) A,B,and C are correct

E) A,B,and C are correct

30) Bone increases A) in length by appositional growth B)in diameter byappostional growth C)in length by interstitial growth D)A and B are correct E)B and C are correct

E) B and C are correct

Epiphysis

End of long bone

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

insulin

Hormone produced by the pancreas that helps to decrease blood sugar.

21) What strengthens the attatchment of the tendons or ligaments to bone? A)epiphysis B)Sharpey's fibers C)growth plate D)medullary cavity E)endosteum

Sharpey's fibers

Purpose of appositional and interstitial growth

appositional-adds new layers to previous formed (outer surface) Interstitial growth-growth from within

osteoclasts

bone destroying cells

Communited fracture

explosion of the bone; breaks in many places

interstitial growth

growth from within

7)which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood? A)Parathyroid hormone B)Calcium C)growth hormone D)thyroid hormone

growth hormone

metaphysis

growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone

osteocytes

mature bone cells

endosteum

membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone

pott fracture

occurs at the ankles and affects both the tibia and the fibula

transverse nondisplaced (fracture)

runs across 90 degree angle

canaliculi

tiny canals, connecting lacunae

trabecula

wall

colles fracture

wrist fracture

appositional growth

diameter bone growth

growth hormone

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones

36) The pediatrician tells the parents that their child has a greenstick fracture. In layman's terms, what is a greenstick fracture? a partial break that results in one side of the broken bone bending B) any break in a bone C) a break that results in the broken edges of the bone piercing and or tearing the skin D) a break in which the bone is crushed E) a break that can be seen with a bone scan but not an ordinary x-ray

A) a partial break that results in one side of the broken bone pending

16) Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through _____. A)interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates B)the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity C)differentiation of osteoclasts into osteocytes D)calcification of the matrix of the zone underlying articular cartilage

A) intersitional growth of the epiphyseal plates

22.Osteomyelitis is: A) bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection. B) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix. C) a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion. D) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones. E) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen deve

A)bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. A) fat B) blood-forming cells C) elastic tissue D) Sharpey's fibers

A)fat

41) Which of the following is not a zone of the epiphyseal plate A)periosteum B) zone of calcified cartilage C) zone of hypertrophic cartilage D) zone of proliferating cartilage E) zone of resting cartilage

A)periosteum

22.Osteoporosis A) bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection. B) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix. C) a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion. D) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones. E) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen development

B) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of matrix

33)Which event must occure first in appositional growth of bone? A)enclosure of osteoblasts forces them to become osteocytes B) differentiation of periosteal cells into osteoblasts C) fusion of bone ridges around periosteal blood vessel D) deposition of bone matrix by osteoblasts E) formation of concentric lamellae

B) diffusion of periosteal cells into osteoblasts

15)In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows _____ A)by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis B)by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis C)from the edges inward D)in a circular fashion

B)by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

17) In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause? A)overproduction of thyroid hormone B)elevated levels of sex hormones C)too much vitamin D in the diet D)osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity

B)elevated levels of sex hormones

34)Which hormone is specifically responsible for terminating growth at the epiphyseal plate in both men and women as they end ad olescence? A)thyroid hormone B) estrogen C) insulin D) growth hormone E) IGF

B)estrogen

14)Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels? A)pineal gland b)thyroid c)parathyroid d)spleen

B)thyroid

how are osteons aligned?

cylinder structure, in diaphysis are parallel

osteons

cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone

zone resting cartilage

farthest from medullary cavity consists of small chondrocytes,matrix hyaline cartilage

estrogen

female sex hormone

periosteum

fibrous membrane covering a bone

40) A)canaliculi B) lacunae C) lamellae D) osteons E) trabecula

lacunae=space w/in bone occupied by osteocyte osteon=mature compact bone osteoblasts=cells produce new bony matrix (inner/outter of bone) canaliculi-narrow passageways

18)What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification? A)cartilage b)membrane c)fascia d)bone

A) Cartilage

39)? A) mesenchyme.. B) osteoblasts C) osteoclasts D) osteocytes E) osteogenic cells

osteoblasts-cell division develop in osteoblasts (bone forming cells) osteoclasts-break down bone tissue,derived from monocytes osteogenic cells-cells that cant divide, build bone tissue osteocytes-mature bone cells

49)Place the events of endochondral ossification in the order in which they occur.

1-cartilage model Development 2-cartilage model GROWTH 3-primary ossification development 4-secondary ossification center development 5-articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate formation

46) Place the events of interstitial bone growth in the order in which they occur

1-reproduction of somewhat enlarged chondrocytes occurs 2-maturation of chondrocytes and accumulation 3-calcificatiokn of cartilage matrix 4-death of chondrocytes 5-invasion of area by osteoblasts and blood vessels 6-removal calcified matrix by osteoclasts 7-formation of bone matrix

??29)place the events of endochondral ossification in the order in which they occure. 1) secondary ossification center development 2)primary ossification center development 3)cartilage model development 4)articular cartilage and epiphyseal plateformation 5)cartilage model growth

3,5,2,1,4

35) If the rate of bone deposition were to exceed the rate of bone resorption, which of the following would probably occure? A)Bone density would decrease, but bone mass would increase. B) Bone density would increase, but bone mass would decrease. C) Both bone density and bone mass would increase. D) Both bone density and bone mass would decrease. E) Neither bone density nor bone mass would be affected.

C) Both bone density and bone mass would increase

26.)The dermis a)is superficial to the epidermis b)is deep to the subcutaneous layer c)contains fibroblasts,macrophages,and few adipocytes d)is avascular and poorly innervated E)is divided into areolar and dense regular layers

C) contains fibroblasts,macrophages,and few adipocytes

3. In bone formation, a deficiency of growth hormone will cause ________. A) inadequate calcification of bone B) decreased osteoclast activity C) decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage D) increased osteoclast activity

C) decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage

6)Which structures allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surface? A)lacunae B)Haversian system C)epiphyseal plate D)epiphyseal line

C) epiphyseal plate

22.Osteomalacia is A) bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection. B) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix. C) a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion. D) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones. E) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen deve

C)A disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion

12) which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? A)calcitonin B)thyroxine C)parathyroid hormone D)estrogen

C)parathyroid hormone

What is absolutely required for bone growth or healing from a fracture? A.)dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D B)osteocytes c)osteoclasts D)osteoblasts

D)osteoblasts

22.Osteogenesis imperfecta is A) bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection. B) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix. C) a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion. D) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones. E) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen development

E) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen development

25)The alignment of osteons in compact bone A) is perpendicular to the axis of a long bone. B) is static (unchanging) after birth. C) is unaffected by fractures. D) is the result of the alignment of the canaliculi. E) is along lines of physical stress on a long bone.

E) is along lines of physical stress on a long bone.

24)This is the region of a long bone that articulates with other bones a)diaphysis B)periosteum C)endosteum D)metaphysis E)epiphysis

E)epiphysis (not sure if on test)-forms distal/proximal ends bone diaphysis=shaft of long bone metaphysis-areas where epiphyes & diaphysis join

43) Describe the process by which bone increases in length and diameter.

LENGTH= by interstitial growth of epiphyseal plate -has chondrocytes cartilage is completely gone by bone and no more lengthwise growth occurs DIAMETER=growth as new bone matrix is laid downby osteoblasts in periosteum (around ages 18-20)

osteoblasts

bone forming cells

spiral fracture

bone has been twisted apart

19)chondroblasts produce: A)ligaments B)Cartilage matrix C)bone tissue D)blood cells E)synovial fluid

cartilage matrix

zone of hypertrophic cartilage

chondrocytes cease dividing become enlarged

zone proliferating cartilage

chondrocytes slightly larger alligned like stack of coins

44) Patient X has a tumor of the parathyroid glands that causes a hyper secretion from these glands. Predict the effect on the skeletal system and on the secretion of calcitonin and the associated cells.

skeletal system-weakens osteoclasts stimulated osteoblasts repaired calcitonin secretion- increase

27)specific process of intramembranous ossification 1)calcification 2)development of the ossification center 3)formation of trabeculae 4)development of the periosteum

steps 1-development of the ossification center 2-calcification 3-formation of trabeculae 4-development of the periosteum

zone calcified cartilage

thinner zone of epiphyseal plate, most of these cells are dead