chapter 6 anthropology

Hominoidea: Ponginae & Gorilinae Ceboidea: Atelidae & Cebidae Cercopithecoidiea: Colobinae Cercopithecinae

Match the family or subfamily with the appropriate superfamily.

South America, 2.1.3.3 Africa, 2.1.2.3

New World monkeys, from ______, have a ______ dental formula, whereas Old World monkeys, from ______, have a ________ dental formula.

bilophodont

Old World monkeys have ________ molars while apes and humans have a Y-5 molar pattern.

Africa, Asia, and Europe.

Old World primates live in the Old World, which includes

sense

Primates do have opposable thumbs and big toes, but this does not enhance their tactile ___________. Instead, this feature gives primates' hands and feet a grasping ability that is part of their versatile skeletal structure.

strepsirhines

large olfactory bulb, tooth comb, fingernails and claws, grooming claw

long arms gluteal muscles pull leg backwards -foramen magnum at back of skull

non human primate

Australia

nonhuman primates have never inhabited

-gluteal muscles abduct the leg -foramen magnum on bottom of skull

people

primates

All ____________ (strepsirhines and haplorhines) have eyes located on the front of the head.

New World monkeys inhabit the New World, which includes North and South America.. Prosimians, the earliest of the primates, inhabit regions of Africa and Asia.

Drag each group of primates to where they are distributed on the map.

brachiate

Gibbons and siamangs ___________ as their primary mode of locomotion. They have long arms and long, curved fingers for this specialized form of movement.

Living lemurs are only found in _______, while the rest of the living strepsirhines are found in __________.

Madagascar Asia and Africa

cladistic

The .......... classification scheme uses anatomical and genetic evidence to determine ancestor-descendent relationships. ___________ classification focuses on relationships among organisms. For example, in the cladistic classification of primates, tarsiers are included in Haplorhini because genetic and anatomical evidence suggests a common ancestor with the anthropoids.

diastema

The ___________ is part of the canine-premolar honing complex of Old World monkeys and apes. As they chew, the movement of the teeth against each other maintains the sharpness of the large upper canines.

tooth comb

The _____________ is a feature unique to lorises and lemurs. It is used for scraping and grooming fur.

Primatology

The researchers who specifically study the behavior and biology of living primates are known as -The field of primatology is concerned with the biology and behavior of living primates. This information is not only useful to preserve primate species in the wild; it also aids physical anthropologists specializing in other areas. For example, paleoanthropologists may use data about primate behavior to gain insight into the behaviors of the earliest hominins.

rhinarium

The retention of a ________ is found only in lemurs and lorises, and reflects their heightened sense of smell compared to the haplorhines.

touch

This does not impact a primate's sense of _______. Instead, maintaining five digits is part of the primate's versatile skeletal structure.

abducted

To walk bipedally and have a balanced gait, the legs must be ___________, or pulled away, from the midline of the body.

rhinarium and specialized diet

Which of the following are primitive traits retained exclusively by strepsirhines?

The study of primates allows for insight into the origins of humans. The study of primates assists in the preservation of their species in the wild. The study of primates provides insight into why humans engage in conflict and warfare. The study of primates enables advances in medicine.

Which of the following are reasons why primates should be studied?

Apes lack of a tail larger body and brain sizes slow growth pattern broad trunks Monkeys bilophodont molar high interspecies variability

Which of the following are traits associated with apes, and which are associated with monkeys?

dermal ridges, fingernails and toenails

Which of the following evolutionary developments is/are responsible for primates' enhanced sense of touch?

They have elongated tarsals. They have only two lower incisors. They have large, bulbous eyes.

Which of the following is true about tarsiers?

they exhibit group behavior

Which of the following is/are NOT prominent tendencies used to define primates?

They express a great deal of parental investment. They are adapted to an arboreal lifestyle. They express dietary plasticity.

Which of the following is/are prominent tendencies used to define primates?

lorises, humans, new world monkeys

Which of the following primates DOES NOT have a honing complex with a diastema?

old world monkeys, aoes

Which of the following primates has a honing complex with a diastema?

-overlapping visual fields of vision found in primates owe to their forward-facing eyes -Primates have opposable thumbs and great toes, giving them grasping hands and feet. This is one of the major traits of primates. -(index finger)The dermal ridges on fingers and toes provide grip and better enable primates to hang on to objects, such as tree branches. This is a trait found in all primates.

Which of the following traits are found in all primates

Compared to the legs, the arms are elongated. The fingers are long and curved, which enhances the grasping ability of brachiators. The toes are long and curved to increase their grasping ability.

Which parts of this primate's skeleton reflect that it is a suspensory ape? Click on each correct part.

bipedally

While other primates may __________move at times, humans are the only primate that are obligate bipeds. Skeletal indicators for this includes the foramen magnum at the base of the skull, short arms compared to legs, and a short pelvis.

study primates in their natural environments work with local communities in areas where endangered primates live introduce primates raised in captivity into new environments in the wild

Within the past 30 years, nearly 50% of today's 600 taxa of primates are endangered, in large part due to human activity. Identify the ways in which anthropologists work to protect endangered primates, such as this highly endangered northern muriqui. Ways Anthropologists Protect Primates

Old World monkeys

________ have a canine-premolar honing complex.

New World primates

_________ have a 2.1.3.3 dental formula, which is a reduction from the dental formula of primates' early mammalian ancestor. New World monkeys, however, have retained an extra premolar, which is not found in Old World primates, due to their reproductive isolation.

Lemurs

___________ are strepsirhines and have one of the shortest growth periods in the order Primates.

knuckle walking

___________________ is a unique form of quadrupedalism used by gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees. Their strong arms support their weight while they move.

Haplorhines

bigger brains, fully enclosed eye orbits

color vision

halorphines traits

Old World monkeys

have a 2.1.2.3 dental formula, which is different from the 3.1.4.3 dental formula of the primates' early mammalian ancestor. Old World monkeys have fewer premolars than primates from the New World; this is due to their reproductive isolation and separate evolutionary trajectories.

2.1.3.3

howler monkey, lemur

2.1.2.3

human, chimpanzee, macaque