chapter 6: Deviance and social control
According to the Uniform Crime Reports, in the United States, hate crimes account for ______ of total criminal offenses.
11.5%
Deviance is always problematic for society.
FASLE
According to differential association theory, if one spends a great deal of time with deviant friends, the individual may become deviant.
True
Most sociologists argue that the privatization of prisons is a bad idea.
True
hate crimes (pg. 163)
a criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, ethnic origin or sexual orientation
primary deviance (pg. 151)
a violation of a norm that may be an isolated act or an initial act of rule breaking
white- collar (or occupational) crime (pg. 166)
a violation of law committed by an individual or a group in the course of a legitimate, respected occupation or financial activity
example of primary deviance
a young teenager shoplifting something on a dare by friends
Which of the following is NOT correct about deviance?
a. Deviants always purposely and knowingly break the law.
The statement, "Deviance serves vital social functions," most closely reflects ______.
a. structural-functional theory
Anomie and strain are associated with the ______.
a. structural-functionalist perspective
public order crimes (victimless) (pg. 162)
act committed by or between individual consenting adults
Labels
are symbols that have meanings affecting an individual's self- concept and the way others see the individual
In the study of the Saints and the Roughnecks, Chambliss found all of the following EXCEPT this:
b. All youth who commit crimes are treated equally.
The violation of social norms is called ______.
b. deviance
Consider the statement, "People learn to conform or deviate from the individuals they spend time with." With which theory does this statement best fit?
b. differential association
Hacking and cybertheft by China and other nations are especially concerning because
b. the federal government does not have an effective way to safeguard customers' information
stigmatize (pg. 152)
branding the person with a negative mark that discredits the person's claim to a "normal" identity
Which theoretical perspective argues that deviance will always exist unless the current structure of society is changed dramatically?
conflict
Smoking marijuana is a ______.
conflict crime (I THINK)
strain theory (pg. 156)
contends that the opportunity or limitations embedded in the structure of society may contradict and undermine the goals and aspirations society encourages for its members, creating strains that lead to deviance
Predatory crimes
crimes- usually violent- against humans, such as premeditated murder, forcible rape, and kidnapping for ransom
crime (pg.146)
deviant actions for which these are formal penalties imposed by the government, such as fines, jail, or prison sentences
social control theory (pg. 154)
examines the processes a society or a group uses to ensure conformity to its norms and expectations
labeling theory (pg.151)
explains how people can be labeled deviant after committing a deviant act, which can then lead them to carry out further acts that reflect that label
Anomie affects primarily isolated, rural areas.
false
External controls are always formalized.
false
Hate crimes are generally planned well in advance and are extremely violent.
false
Labeling theory is related to the structural-functional perspective.
false
Rates of incarceration in the United States are decreasing.
false
Elizabeth argued that one reason women are abused by their husbands is because their unpaid labor is undervalued in society. Which perspective is Elizabeth most likely using?
feminist
conflict theory of deviance
focuses on meso- and macro- level analysis of deviance, looking at deviance as the result of social inequality or of the struggle among groups for power
differential association theory (pg. 150)
focuses on the process of learning deviant behavior from those with whom we interact
secondary deviance (pg. 152)
if an individual continues to violate a norm and begins to take on a deviant identity because of being labeled as deviant
The self-fulfilling prophecy is associated with ______.
labeling theory
self-fulfilling prophecy (pg. 152)
occurs when a belief or a prediction becomes a reality, in part because of the prediction
organized crime (pg. 165)
ongoing criminal enterprises run by an organized group whose ultimate purpose is economic gain through illegitimate means
Susan would love to be a lawyer but cannot afford to go to law school. Her boyfriend suggested that she steal from her grandmother's estate in order to finance her education, but she refused. Instead, she took a 2-year course and became a librarian. Robert Merton would classify Susan's actions as ______.
ritualism
victimless crimes (pg. 162)
see "public order crimes"
the possibilities of becoming deviant depends on what 4 factors:
the duration of time spent with the group the intensity of interaction the frequency of interaction the priority of the group in one's friendship network
recidivism rates (pg. 177)
the likelihood that someone who is arrested, convicted, and imprisoned will later be a repeat offender
terrorism (pg.168)
the planned use of random unlawful (or illegal) violence or the threat of violence against civilians to create (or raise) fear and intimidate citizens in order to advance the terrorist group's political or ideological goals
deviance (pg. 146)
the violation of social norm
Conflict theorists argue that the greater the inequality in society, the more conflict will exist.
true
In the United States, predatory crimes are considered consensus crimes.
true
Members of groups and societies socially construct concepts.
true
Wage theft is a type of organized crime that involves not paying workers the minimum wage.
true
consensus crimes (pg. 148)
when members of society are in general agreement about the seriousness of certain crimes.
are predatory crimes considered census crimes?
yes