Chapter 6

E=h×ν

E = energy (joules) h is Planck's constant (6.626×10−34 J⋅s) v=frequency (Hz)

c=λ×ν

c= light speed (m/s) lambda -λ=wavelength (m) v=frequency (Hz)

Orbital Diagrams

s-p-d-f 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p. .......

Ψ^2

is called probability density or electron density

Ψ

psi [saɪ]

Give the actual ground-state electron configuration for copper (Cu) using the complete form. 1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^64s^13d^10

Copper is an exception to the usual order of filling. A completely filled d subshell is very stable, so you need to add an electron to the 3d subshell and remove an electron from a different orbital to maintain 29 electrons. The expected ground-state electron configuration of copper is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9; however, the actual configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10 because a full d subshell is particularly stable. There are 18 other anomalous elements for which the actual electron configuration is not what would be expected. Noble-gas shorthand: [Ar]4s^13d^10