Chapter 6 - Mastering

Which of the following structures persists for life? A) Articular cartilage B) Epiphyseal plate C) Primary bone D) Primary ossification center

A) Articular cartilage

The main minerals bone stores are ____________________. A) calcium and phosphorus B) calcium and sodium C) potassium and sodium D) calcium and chlorine

A) calcium and phosphorus

The function of yellow bone marrow is __________. A) triglyceride storage B) hematopoiesis C) acid-base homeostasis D) mineral storage

A) triglyceride storage

Bone cells that are surrounded by bone matrix and are located with lacunae are ____. A) osteoblasts B) osteocytes C) osteoclasts D) osteogenic cells

B) osteocytes

What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length? A) osteon B) epiphyseal line C) epiphyseal plate D) lacunae

C) epiphyseal plate

appositional growth is a type of bone growth that new circumferential __________________ are formed.

lamellae

Correctly order the following key steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1. Chondrocytes die. 2. Osteoblasts build the bone collar on the external surface of the bone. 3. Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels. 4. In the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with early spongy bone. 5. Perichondrial cells differentiate into osteogenic cells then into osteoblasts.

1. Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels. 2. Perichondrial cells differentiate into osteogenic cells then into osteoblasts. 3. Osteoblasts build the bone collar on the external surface of the bone. 4. Chondrocytes die. 5. In the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with early spongy bone.

Which canals connect lacunae together? A) Canaliculi B) Central canals C) Perforating (Volkmann's) canals D) Haversian canals

A) Canaliculi

A patient shows up in the emergency department with the end of the bone protruding through his skin. What type of fracture does he have? A) Compound fracture B) Closed fracture C) Epiphyseal plate fracture D) Simple fracture

A) Compound fracture

____ is the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones. A) Diploë B) Perforating fibers C) Red marrow D) Endosteum

A) Diploë

Which of the following sequences correctly lists the order of events that occur during fracture healing? A) Hematoma forms -> soft callus forms -> hard callus forms -> remodeling occurs B) Soft callus forms -> hematoma forms -> remodeling occurs -> hard callus forms C) Remodeling occurs -> hematoma forms -> soft callus forms -> hard callus forms D) Hematoma forms -> hard callus forms -> soft callus forms -> remodeling occurs

A) Hematoma forms -> soft callus forms -> hard callus forms -> remodeling occurs

What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification? A) Hyaline cartilage B) Spongy bone C) Compact bone D) Fibrocartilage

A) Hyaline cartilage

Osteoblasts become surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM) and become trapped within a _____. A) Lacuna B) canaliculi C) perforating canal D) osteon

A) Lacuna

______ is the process of bone formation. A) Ossification B) Osteoporosis C) Osteopetrosis D) Remodeling

A) Ossification

Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition? A) Osteoblasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteoclasts D) Lacuna

A) Osteoblasts

_____ produce new bone tissue by secreting matrix. A) Osteoblasts B) Osteoclasts C) Osteocytes D) Osteogenic cells

A) Osteoblasts

Which type of cell forms the medullary cavity in a fetal bone and removes excess bone at a fracture site? A) Osteoclast B) Osteoblast C) Osteocyte D) Osteogenic cells

A) Osteoclast

____________ run perpendicular to the osteons.

A) Perforating canals B) Central canals C) Trabeculae D) Lamellae

As a result of males producing more testosterone at puberty, __________. A) appositional bone growth increases B) osteoclasts increase the rate of bone deposition C) intramembranous ossification increases D) osteoblasts increase the rate of bone resorption

A) appositional bone growth increases

What type of bone growth do you think a 40-year-old male experiences? A) appositional growth B) lengthwise growth C) longitudinal growth D) endochondral ossification

A) appositional growth

In bones that have ceased to grow in length, the only cartilage that remains is the ____ on the epiphyses of bones. A) articular cartilage B) elastic cartilage C) epiphyseal plate D) fibrocartilage

A) articular cartilage

Which of the following persists for life? A) articular cartilage B) epiphyseal plate C) primary bone D) primary ossification center

A) articular cartilage

In blood calcium levels rise above normal, osteoclast activity is inhibited by the hormone ___. A) calcitonin B) testosterone C) vitamin D D) parathyroid hormone

A) calcitonin

Bone is considered an important storage reservoir for ________________. A) calcium, phosphate, and lipids B) steroids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates C) phosphate, glycogen, and nonpolar amino acids D) calcium, complex carbohydrates, and polar amino acids

A) calcium, phosphate, and lipids

Bone growth and remodeling depends on adequate intake of __________. A) calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin K B) sodium, calcium, and vitamin E C) calcium, magnesium, and vitamin B D) vitamin A, vitamin C, and chlorine

A) calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin K

Which canals connect lacunae together? A) canaliculi B) central canals C) central (Haversian) canals D) perforating (Volkmann's) canals

A) canaliculi

A ____ fracture results when the bone is shattered into multiple fragments. A) comminuted B) compression C) greenstick D) spiral

A) comminuted

Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the __________. A) diaphysis B) epiphyses C) periosteum D) articular cartilage

A) diaphysis

The main central shaft of a long bone is called the ______. A) diaphysis B) epiphysis C) periosteum D) medullary cavity

A) diaphysis

The innermost surface of bone has a lining known as the _____. A) endosteum B) periosteum C) perforating fibers D) articular cartilage

A) endosteum

Damage to the _________ in a long bone of a young person might cause the bone not to lengthen properly. A) epiphyseal plate B) epiphyseal line C) articular cartilage D) periosteum

A) epiphyseal plate

The ________ is the enlarged, rounded end of a long bone. A) epiphysis B) diaphysis C) periosteum D) medullary cavity

A) epiphysis

The secondary ossification center in a long bone is located at the ____. A) epiphysis D) diaphysis C) metaphysis D) periosteum

A) epiphysis

All of the following components are associated with the organic matrix except A) hydroxyapatite. B) collagen. C) proteoglycans. D) glycosaminoglycans.

A) hydroxyapatite.

If the _____ is destroyed, bone would become flexible and unable to resist compression. A) inorganic matrix B) organic matrix C) osteoid D) periosteum

A) inorganic matrix

The skull and clavicle form through ________________. A) intramembranous ossification B) endochondral ossification C) longitudinal growth D) appositional growth

A) intramembranous ossification

Spongy bone differs from compact bone because spongy bone A) is composed of trabeculae that are oriented along lines of stress. B) is composed of many osteons. C) does not contain osteocytes in lacunae. D) is found in the diaphysis of long bones, whereas compact bone is found mainly in the epiphyses of long bones.

A) is composed of trabeculae that are oriented along lines of stress.

Bone deposition is performed by ____, whereas bone resorption is performed by ____. A) osteoblasts; osteoclasts B) osteoblasts; osteocytes C) osteocytes; osteoclasts D) osteoclasts; osteoblasts

A) osteoblasts; osteoclasts

Bone resorption requires the activity of __________. A) osteoclasts B) chondrocytes C) osteoblasts D) osteocytes

A) osteoclasts

Which sequence is correct for the of development of mature bone cells? A) osteogenic cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes B) osteoclasts → osteoblasts → osteocytes → osteogenic cells C) osteogenic cells → osteocytes → osteoblasts → osteoclasts D) osteoblasts → osteoclasts → osteogenic cells → osteocytes

A) osteogenic cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes

The structural units of mature compact bone are called __________. A) osteons B) lacunae C) osteocytes D) canaliculi

A) osteons

Bones located within a tendon are classified as _____ bones. A) sesamoid B) long C) irregular D) flat

A) sesamoid

Bones that are roughly cubed-shaped are classified as _____ bones. A) short B) long C) flat D) irregular

A) short

Spongy bone is made up of a branching framework called ____. A) trabeculae B) lamellar bone C) osteons D) central canals

A) trabeculae

________ forms bone from within a model of hyaline cartilage. ANSWER A) Intramembranous ossification B) Endochondral ossification C) Longitudinal growth D) Appositional growth

B) Endochondral ossification

What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts? A) Estrogen B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) C) Calcitonin D) Testosterone

B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Appositional growth produces __________. A) endochondral ossification B) growth in width C) growth in length D) intramembranous ossification

B) growth in width

Blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of bones, a process known as __________. A) ossification B) hematopoiesis C) bone resorption D) osteoporosis

B) hematopoiesis

What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification? A) fibrocartilage B) hyaline cartilage C) spongy bone D) compact bone

B) hyaline cartilage

Bone remodeling involves all of the following factors except: A) replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue. B) intramembranous and endochondral ossification. C) bone resorption and bone deposition. D) osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

B) intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts? A) testosterone B) parathyroid hormone (PTH) C) estrogen D) calcitonin

B) parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, works opposite to parathyroid hormone (PTH)? A) Testosterone B) Estrogen C) Calcitonin D) Calcitriol

C) Calcitonin

What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length? A) Osteon B) Lacunae C) Epiphyseal plate D) Epiphyseal line

C) Epiphyseal plate

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? A) Osteogenic cell B) Osteoblast C) Osteoclast D) Osteocyte

C) Osteoclast

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of _______________. A) osteoclasts and osteoblasts B) cartilage and interstitial lamellae C) blood vessels and nerve fibers D) lacuna and trabeculae

C) blood vessels and nerve fibers

For a person who starts running for exercise, __________. A) bone deposition is less than bone resorption B) bone deposition is not related to bone resorption C) bone deposition exceeds bone resorption D) bone deposition equals bone resorption

C) bone deposition exceeds bone resorption

Thin, broad bones are classified as __________. A) short bones B) irregular bones C) flat bones D) long bones

C) flat bones

Thin, broad bones are classified as __________. A) short bones B) long bones C) flat bones D) irregular bones

C) flat bones

Bones perform all the following functions except ______________. A) fat storage B) blood cell formation C) generate impulses D) protection

C) generate impulses

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is false? A) It only occurs if there is low blood calcium levels. B) It occurs throughout life. C) It occurs in response to stress and tension on a bone. D) It occurs only at the articular surface.

D) It occurs only at the articular surface.

What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts? A) Estrogen B) Calcitonin C) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) D) Testosterone

D) Testosterone

A greenstick fracture occurs primarily in _____________. A) the elderly B) male athletes C) menopausal females D) children

D) children

All the following events occur during intramembranous ossification except A) osteoblasts develop in the primary ossification center. B) osteoblasts lay down trabeculae of early spongy bone. C) osteoblasts in the periosteum lay down early compact bone. D) enlargement of the medullary cavity.

D) enlargement of the medullary cavity.

Appositional growth produces __________. A) growth in length B) intramembranous ossification C) endochondral ossification D) growth in width

D) growth in width

Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition? A) lacuna B) osteocytes C) osteoclasts D) osteoblasts

D) osteoblasts

Bone resorption requires the activity of __________. A) chondrocytes B) osteoblasts C) osteocytes D) osteoclasts

D) osteoclasts

In endochondral ossification ___________________ accelerates the closure of the __________________________

Testosterone epiphyseal plate

The predominant ingredient of the inorganic matrix is calcium salts, with the majority existing as large molecules of hydroxyapatite crystals. True False

True

Within the epiphyseal plate, which zone houses actively dividing cartilage cells in their lacunae? Zone of hypertrophy Zone of ossification Zone of proliferation Zone of reserve cartilage

Zone of proliferation

As a result of the increase of testosterone at puberty for males, __________. A) osteoblasts increase the rate of bone resorption B) intramembranous ossification increases C) epiphyseal plates widen rapidly D) appositional bone growth increases

appositional bone growth increases

epiphyseal line is the appearance of structure that signals the end of ________________________________

bone growth.

longitudinal growth is a proliferation of cells in the ____________________ promotes bone growth

epiphyseal plate

epiphyseal plate is a layer of __________________ cartilage when _____________________ growth occurs at the long bone

hyaline cartilage, longitudinal growth