Chapter 6 Memory

Which of the following circumstances illustrate motivated forgetting?

A person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful. Someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma.

Which two of the following are recognition tasks?

A witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs. A student takes a multiple choice test.

Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation?

Amanda never really encoded the material

_____ amnesia occurs when you cannot remember what happened AFTER you fell down and hit your head.

Anterograde

Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?

Chunk the information.

_____ is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections.

Connectionism

Brenda was somewhat rattled when she discovered that the final exam for one of her classes would be held in a different lecture hall than the one the class is normally in. She just finished a learning and behavior class, so she understands the principle that applies to this situation. What principle would that be?

Context-dependent memory

Select all of the following that cause retrieval failure.

Effects of time Personal reasons for remembering Errors in storage

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Select all of the following that describe a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized.

Emotional memories Traumatic character of memories

Which of the following is NOT a good tip to help you encode information successfully?

Engage in multitasking while learning the information.

Flashbulb memories tend to be extremely accurate. (T or F)

False

Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location. (T or F)

False

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory?

It can store information longer than sensory memory. It is a limited-capacity memory system.

Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory?

It is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory. It is a mental blackboard. It consists of three parts.

Which of the following options are true of explicit memory?

It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory. It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

It plays an important role in emotional memory.

Which of the following are important strategies for successful test-taking (which means retrieving information)?

Look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have encoded. Make sure your brain is well-rested and well-nourished. Use retrieval cues to trigger your insights.

Which of the following are tips to help you encode information successfully?

Make associations that connect the information to your own life. Pay attention to the information. Use imagery. Make mental pictures of the information.

Which of the following statements are true regarding eyewitness testimony?

Memory can fade. Witnesses may share their thoughts. Bias may be involved. Memory can be distorted by new information.

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Which of the following is NOT a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized.

Memory for words

Which of the following is NOT a powerful tool for processing information into memory?

Multitasking

Select all of the following that are considered tips for organizing for memory processes.

Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize. Review notes that you are preparing to memorize. Experiment with different organizational techniques.

Select all of the following that are powerful tools for processing memory.

Organizing Encoding Retrieving Rehearsing

Which of the following best describes memory performance for participants who were asked to identify a series of pictures?

Participants were nearly 100 percent accurate after 2 hours but 4 months later could only remember about 57 percent with accuracy.

______ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; ______ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.

Recall; recognition

_____ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.

Retrieval

Which of the following are true regarding the effect of elaboration on encoding?

Retrieval paths are created. The material is easier to remember.

_____ amnesia is characterized by memory loss for a segment of the individual's past.

Retrograde

_____ memory involves remembering information from the past, whereas ______ memory involves remembering to do something in the future.

Retrospective; prospective

Select all of the following that are considered tips for rehearsing learned material.

Rewrite or type your notes. Test yourself after looking at your notes. Talk to people about what you have learned.

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?

Sensory memory

Which of the following concepts suggests that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened?

The concept of long-term potentiation

Which of the following are explanations for why the primacy effect occurs?

The first few items are more elaboratively processed. The first few items are rehearsed more. When the first items enter working memory, there is little competition for rehearsal time.

Which of the following statements explain why the last several items on a list are remembered?

The items' recency makes them easier to recall. The items may still be in working memory.

Which of the following best explains the concept of long-term potentiation?

This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened.

Mimi is enthusiastic about baking and has used her grandmother's apple pie recipe for a number of years. Lately, she has been enrolled in pastry classes where she has learned to make six varieties of apple pie, so when she tries to make her grandmother's recipe, she becomes confused about ingredients. This is an example of retroactive interference. (T or F)

True

Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is _____.

chunking

Which of the following involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units?

chunking

The memory of your grandmother's name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves activity spread out a vast network of neural links connected to numerous nodes. This is an example of _____.

connectionism

Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events.

conscious

_____ is the process by which interconnected networks of neurons are formed.

consolidation

People remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same external circumstances in which they learned it. This describes _____.

context-dependent memory

Which theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting?

decay

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is sometimes also referred to as _____ memory.

declarative

The conscious recollection of information is called _____, or explicit, memory.

declarative

At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information?

deepest level

_____ attention involves concentrating on more than one task or activity at a time.

divided

Generally speaking, the more _____ the processing, the better memory will be; deep processing is a powerful way to remember information.

elaborate

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of _____.

elaboration

When _____ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

elaboration

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

encoding

The initial recording of information into memory is called _____.

encoding

The process by which information gets into memory storage is _____.

encoding

_____ failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

encoding

The _____ principle identifies the idea that information present at the time of learning tends to make an effective retrieval cue.

encoding specificity

During his first week of college, Blaine attended a lecture on meteors. His memory of being at that lecture is _____ memory. His memory for the actual information about meteors is _____ memory.

episodic; semantic

The two main components of long-term memory are _____ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and _____ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

explicit; implicit

In forensic psychology, most of the interest in _____ testimony focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory.

eyewitness

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory.

implicit

_____ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

implicit

Rehearsal increases the _____.

length of time that information can be held in short-term memory

The term _____ refers to a continuum from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper producing better memory.

levels of processing

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _____ memory.

long-term

Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of reading and studying material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands that _____.

memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.

permanent

The _____ effect occurs because those items in a list are rehearsed more, they are more elaborately processed, and they are able to get the benefit of more rehearsal time with less competition from other items.

primacy

Carolyn is given a set of words to study, and dog is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -og. Carolyn is more likely to make -og into dog than hog or bog because of the concept known as _____.

priming

If a researcher activates information in participants' minds and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later, we would say that the researcher used _____, a type of implicit memory, to improve participant performance. Listen to the complete question

priming

Megan is given a set of words to study, and hat is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -at. Megan is more likely to make -at into hat than cat or bat because of the concept known as _____.

priming

You have studied French for years, but you are now taking a class in Spanish. When asked the Spanish word for red, you come up with the French word instead. This is an example of _____.

proactive interference

Your best female friend is getting married and has decided to take her husband's last name. Now, whenever you try to remember her full name, her maiden name pops into your mind instead of her newer last name. This is an example of _____.

proactive interference

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with _____ memory.

prospective

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _____ memory.

prospective

In the context of serial position, the _____ effect is when one can recall items at the end of the list.

recency

Oscar was asked to memorize a list of words for a psychology experiment. He was then asked to repeat them. He found he could repeat the last three words. In the context of serial position, this illustrates the _____ effect.

recency

A multiple-choice question that requires that you remember what you have seen before is an example of a _____ task.

recognition

The conscious repetition of information is also known as

rehearsal

You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of _____.

rehearsal

When you have completed a class or lecture, you should enhance encoding by _____ the material by rewriting or retyping the information.

rehearsing

Allan seemed to forget that he was abused by a family member when he was very young. When he later remembered that he was the victim of this abuse early in his life, he uncovered what psychologists call _____ memory.

repressed

While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a _____ memory.

repressed

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers _____ as cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as _____ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

Memory _____ is a process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage, that is, when we recall or otherwise remember something.

retrieval

After years of taking French, you study Spanish. When the word for red in Spanish is required, you correctly say rojo. But you can't remember the French word for red. This is an example of _____.

retroactive interference

After David sustained a traumatic brain injury, he has discovered that he can't remember anything that happened in the last four years, but he can learn new information just as well as he did before the injury. David is likely experiencing _____ amnesia.

retrograde

The term used to describe remembering to do something is prospective memory. The term used for remembering the past is _____ memory.

retrospective

Gladys has a lot on her mind. She has to remember the name of the garage where she gets her car's oil changed, which is an example of _____ memory. She also has to remember that she needs to get the car's oil changed next Tuesday, which is an example of _____ memory.

retrospective; prospective

A(n) _____ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information.

schema

Asia is studying for an exam. As she studies, she thinks about how different concepts remind her of events and situations that have occurred in her own life. Asia is using _____-_____ to help her remember the course concepts.

self-reference

Deborah is studying for an exam. As she studies different concepts, she helps herself to remember by making up examples of the concepts that relate to her own life. Deborah is using _____ to help her remember the course concepts.

self-referencing

David has a lot of general knowledge about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _____ memory.

semantic

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _____.

semantic

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are _____ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

sensory

When you stand outside on a spring day, you smell flowers, see the sun, and feel the breeze. What type of memory is initially collecting all this information?

sensory

You are at a concert, you hear the orchestra rehearsing, feel the velvet seat you are on, and smell the perfume of the woman in front of you. The best description of this is _____ memory.

sensory

The _____ position effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle.

serial

According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is _____ plus or minus _____.

seven; two

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of _____-_____ memory.

short-term

_____ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

short-term

You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from _____-term memory to _____-term memory.

short;long

Saving information for future use is called _____.

storage

Information must be encoded and _____ in order to be retrieved later.

stored

Rehearsal involves ______ information.

the conscious repetition of

Sharon has three dogs, so she is well acquainted with her veterinarian. However, when she sees him at the grocery store without his scrub suit and out of his office, she can't remember who he is. This is an example of _____.

the encoding specificity principle

Ellen tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates _____.

the serial position effect

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____.

there is no one memory center in the brain

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory.

three

According to levels-of-processing theory, we are most likely to remember things if we consider _____.

what they mean

the concept of _____ memory was proposed as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.

working

Before using memory processes, you must first _____ the information you are about to study.

organize

H. M. could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus. This is an example of _____.

anterograde amnesia

Encoding failure occurs when the information was _____.

never entered into long-term memory

A specific part of the brain, the _____, plays an important role in emotional memory.

amygdala

Traumatic memories appear to be linked to the release of stress-related hormones. The _____ and the _____ (brain areas) are involved in the release of stress-related hormones.

amygdala; hippocampus

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The memory may be traumatic or very iconic. However, it may not be very accurate in the details. The specific term for this kind of memory is a _____ memory.

flashbulb

According to the connectionist network perspective, our _____ are organized sets of neurons that are activated together.

memories

_____ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

memory

In one study where researchers asked participants to study and later identify pictures that were presented, the researchers found that _____.

memory fades; participants' memory performance declined with time

Dr. Wiley asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science, instead of reading and studying textbooks and note cards with definitions. This is because Dr. Wiley is familiar with the research on memory and understands that

memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better.

What is the term used to describe the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety-laden?

motivated forgetting

From a connectionist network perspective, memories are organized sets of _____ that are routinely activated together.

neurons