Chapter 6 Nutrition

Which of the following cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet?

Essential amino acid

True or false: Animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids.

False

True or false: The body links amino acids with peptide bonds to form lipids.

False

True or false: The presence of proteins in the blood causes edema.

False

True or false: There is very little risk involved in taking amino acids as supplements.

False

______ is known as "the disease the first child gets when the new child comes."

Kwashiorkor

______ are a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds.

Legumes

Which of the following occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses?

Positive protein balance

____ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body, makes up a key part of the blood, helps regulate many body functions, and can fuel body cells. Amino acids join together to form this nutrient.

Protein

Which nutrient plays a vital role in keeping the body healthy by forming important structures in the body, making up a key part of the blood, helping regulate many body functions, and fueling body cells?

Proteins

True or false: Nutrition influences gene expression.

True

True or false: Vitamin B-12 is found primarily in animal foods.

True

In extreme starvation, _____ from muscle tissue start to be converted to glucose, which wastes muscle and produces edema.

amino acids

Proteins are made up of one or more long chains of __.

amino acids

Most often, a protein deficiency is caused by ______.

an insufficient food intake

Most ______ sources of protein provide ample quantities of all nine essential amino acids.

animal

Vitamin B-12 is found naturally only in foods of ______ origin.

animal

A(n) ______ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet.

essential

The shape of a protein determines its ______.

function

There is strong evidence that cardiovascular disease is caused by ______.

gene-environment interactions

Personalizing nutrition recommendations is becoming easier because of ______ testing.

genetic

Whether due to diet or other lifestyle factors (e.g., physical activity, not smoking), populations that follow plant-based dietary patterns tend to have _______ lives than omnivores.

longer

How are nutrition and genetics linked?

-nutrients affect gene expression -genes determine nutrient requirements -genes influence development of some nutritional diseases

Which of the following occurs with inadequate consumption of protein?

1.) Immune function is impaired. 2.) Edema can develop. 3.) Blood protein concentration decreases.

Which of the following are examples of legumes?

1.) Kidney beans 2.) Chickpeas 3.) Lentils

Which of the following elements can be found in amino acids?

1.) Oxygen 2.) Hydrogen 3.) Nitrogen 4.) Carbon

Which types of cells contain protein?

1.) Red blood cells 2.) Bone cells 3.) Adipose cells 4.) Muscle cells 5.) White blood cells

Phytochemicals have been implicated in prevention of

1.) cancer. 2.) cardiovascular disease.

Choose the eight foods that account for 90% of food-related allergies.

1.) peanuts 2.) tree nuts 3.) milk products 4.) soy 5.) wheat 6.) eggs 7.) fish 8.) shellfish

Reasons people choose to become vegetarians include _____

1.) religion 2.) economics 3.) health 4.) ethics

Due to the risk of ______, it is best to get protein from food sources rather than supplements.

1.) toxicities from a single amino acid 2.) imbalances in amino acids

The population most vulnerable to sickle cell anemia in North America is people of ______.

African descent

Nadine recently found out through genetic testing that she is a carrier of a mutated form of the BRCA1 gene, which indicates she is at high risk for developing breast and ovarian cancer. If her health insurance company increases her premiums based on this information, they would be in violation of the

Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act.

In most circumstances, in what form are proteins absorbed from the GI tract into the bloodstream?

Individual amino acids

Which of the following is a form of protein-calorie malnutrition named for the Ghanaian word that means the disease that the first child gets when the new child comes?

Kwashiorkor

People of African descent are more prone to what genetic disease?

Sickle cell anemia

True or false: Due to starvation, amino acids from muscle tissue are converted into glucose. This wastes muscle tissue and can lead to edema.

True

How are amino acids similar to carbohydrates and lipids?

They all contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

Food allergies occur when the immune system perceives a harmless food protein as harmful invader.

True

For dietary advice to be effective, it should be tailored to personal and cultural preferences.

True

Some people choose vegetarian dietary patterns as a way to improve their health.

True

True or false: A protein deficiency usually accompanies a deficiency of calories and nutrients.

True

True or false: Changing a protein's shape can destroy its ability to function normally.

True

Who has a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and many forms of cancer?

Vegetarians

What is the best way to obtain all of the essential amino acids?

Whole foods

What helps to maintain body fluid balance?

blood proteins

A defective gene that delays cholesterol removal from the bloodstream is an example of a genetic variation that increases an individual's risk for ______.

cardiovascular disease

It is uncommon for intact proteins to be absorbed from the digestive tract, except during

infancy.

Significant undernourishment that leads to wasting away in children and infants is termed ______.

marasmus

Victims of the type of protein-calorie malnutrition known as ______ have a "skin and bones" appearance with little or no subcutaneous fat.

marasmus

Most DNA is located in the cell ____

nucleus

Where is DNA located in a cell?

nucleus

A person who adheres to a vegan dietary pattern

only consumes foods of plant origin.

What types of compounds from plant-based foods help to prevent chronic diseases?

phytochemicals

A ______ protein balance occurs when protein intake exceeds daily protein losses.

positive

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008

prohibits health insurers from using the results of genetic testing to raise premiums or deny coverage.

Muscle cells, lipoproteins, enzymes, immune antibodies, some hormones, visual pigments, and the support structure inside bones all contain ______.

protein

Pepsin is a major stomach enzyme for digesting _____.

protein

Which macronutrient is crucial to the regulation and maintenance of the body?

protein

Amino acids are the building blocks of

protein.

The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form

proteins.

Pepsin can break a polypeptide chain into ______.

shorter chains of amino acids

A(n) ______ is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purposes.

vegan