Chapter 6 Organizational Behavior

continuous

If every instance of a target behavior is reinforced, a(n) ________ schedule is in effect.

contrast effects

Dr. Carroll carefully chose the final exams written by her best students to read first. They all received excellent grades. After these, she read the rest of the exams and graded most of them average or worse. This is an example of ________ perceptual error.

leniency

Dr. Heller is a well-liked professor. Last term, no one received less than a B in any of his courses. Dr. Heller may be suffering from ________ perceptual error.

operant behavior

When Penny sees that the sun is shining brightly, she puts on sunglasses. This is

contrast effect

When a manager evaluates employees against a predetermined standard, he or she is minimizing ________ bias

positive and negative reinforcement

Which forms of consequence strengthen a desired behavior?

monthly sales of 150 new cars

Which is probably not an attainable goal (SMART goals) for a car salesman?

95 percent customer service satisfaction survey results

A non-performance consideration for considering rewards include all except

respondent behavior

Denys blinks her eyes whenever she looks up at the sun. This is an example of

behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated

The law of effect states that

performance and learning

The two basic types of goals are

central tendency

After a recent visit to the grocery store Emily received an email for an optional survey to rate her customer experience during that visit. She didn't really have too much of an opinion and wanted the $5 coupon to be used toward her next visit if she completed the survey. She rushed through the survey and rated all categories as average. This can be described as which perpetual error related to performance evaluation?

objective

Anna works as a cashier at Raney's Pet Supply. Her manager has set the daily sales quota at $3,000 which includes upselling their grooming services. This is an example of which type of goal?

continuous

Barbara is training her new puppy to sit on command. Every time the puppy responds correctly, he receives a treat. Barbara is using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

It is extrinsically motivated

Brenda is a sales representative for a large pharmaceutical corporation. According to the current compensation system, if Brenda meets her target for the quarterly sales projections, she will receive a bonus equivalent to 7 percent of her annual salary. Brenda is working hard to meet the sales goal so that she can buy a new car. Which of the following is true regarding Brenda's motivation?

central tendency

Elly filled out a peer evaluation rating form for her teammates in her OB class. She rated everyone as a "3" or "4" on the 6-point scale. This is an example of ________ perceptual error.

Time-bound

In order to go on spring break in March, Michelle must have $2,000 in her savings account by February 1 at 5:00 p.m. in order to purchase the plane ticket. Which type of SMART goal is this?

extrinsic

In your job search you have narrowed it down to two companies. One job offer is from a company that is offering great benefits in a town you'd like to live in and the other job offer is from a company that is offering a salary one and a half times as much as the other company along with a sign-on bonus. You decide to take the second job offer based on the financial rewards. What type of reward system do you value?

punishment

Jeff is late to work one morning, so he drives over the speed limit through a school zone. As a result, he gets pulled over by a police officer and receives a ticket. This scenario is an instance of

task

Jenna and Martin complete their part of Project Zenith. Their progress is best measured against ________ goals.

positive reinforcement

Jeremy completes his assignments on time. His teacher said that she would allow extra play time to children who submit their assignments on or before the due date. Which of the following made Jeremy complete his assignments on time?

She is intrinsically motivated

Maria is a successful attorney specializing in corporate law. While it has nothing to do with her field of employment, Maria has always been interested in the history of religion. Using what little free time she has, she decided to take a course in comparative religion at the local university. She thinks that the course would be interesting and enjoyable. Maria is not pursuing a degree in the subject, nor is she taking the class for a grade. What can you say about Maria's motivation for taking the class?

project

Meghan sets a goal of completing the literature review portion of her research paper by Sunday night. This is a(n) ________ goal.

Promote Goal Commitment

Nancy is following a strict low carb diet and had the most success in the past when she has written down everything that she eats. Her goal is to lose 20 pounds over the next four months. Writing down the food she eats and listing out her end weight goal demonstrates what part of the goal-setting process?

strengthening a behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing

Negative reinforcement is

fixed interval and fixed ratio

Organizations typically rely on ________ schedules, such as hourly wages and annual reviews and raises.

The organization was unintentionally rewarding counterproductive behavior

Papa Bill's, a local pizza chain, institutes a new compensation policy to increase the on-time delivery of its pizzas. Drivers are paid an extra $1.00 for each on-time delivery, payable at the next pay period. However, a review of the policy showed that traffic tickets for reckless driving among delivery drivers increased by 50 percent since the new policy was introduced. Which of the following best explains why this reward system did not perform as expected?

variable interval

Philip got an email from his supervisor with compliments and praises for his work over the past few months. This is an example of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

negative reinforcement

Raul runs into heavy traffic every day while driving to work. Yesterday, he left home earlier than usual and did not run into heavy traffic. Again, today, he left earlier and avoided heavy traffic. His behavior of leaving earlier enabled him to avoid heavy traffic and reach the office on time. In which of the following processes did Raul engage?

extinction

René works as a bartender. A few people wave money at her so that she will serve them first. She finds this to be rude and, so, either ignores them or serves them last. People realize that René serves the people who wait politely first, and much of the rude behavior stops. René used the model of

Behavioral

The manager of the Oasis Casino notices that the security employees at the casino are treating customers impersonally. He sets a goal that they should make better eye contact and treat customers in a friendlier manner. This is a(n) ________ goal.

record examples of positive and negative performance throughout the year

To minimize halo perceptual error, a manager should

Keep your goals to yourself

Which of the following is not a tip for increasing goal commitment and success?

Variable ratio and variable interval

________ are the most effective schedules of reinforcement.

operant behavior

________ is behavior that is learned when one acts on the environment to produce desired consequences.