Chapter 6 psychology. How Do We Learn? and Classical Conditioning

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

associative learning.

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the neutral stimulus that after conditioning became the conditioned stimulus was:

a white rat

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning.

classical

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:

classical conditioning.

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the fear of the white rat was the _____.

conditioned response

Sean takes his 1-year-old son, James, out for a walk. James reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, James' mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. James cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response in this example?

crying to the bee sting

Generalization is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS). Whereas, _____ is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have NOT been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US). *discrimination [[]]

discrimination

Three-year-old Bobby is waiting with his older brother in his pediatrician's examination room. As soon as the nurse, wearing a white uniform, enters the room his older brother screams and cries loudly, which scares Bobby and he begins to scream and cry. The next week when Bobby is scheduled for his first dentist appointment, his mother is afraid that he will cry and scream when she takes him to his appointment. The dental assistant enters wearing her white uniform and Bobby shows no sign of fear. Bobby's lack of a fear response to the white uniform worn by the dental assistant in the dentist office is an example of _____.

discrimination

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he is fearful of dogs; however, he is not frightened of cats. This reaction best illustrates

discrimination

A year after surviving a classroom shooting, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:

generalization

Three-year-old Marvin is waiting with his older brother in his pediatrician's examination room. As soon as the nurse, wearing a white uniform, enters the room his older brother screams and cries loudly, which scares Marvin and he begins to scream and cry. The next week when Marvin is going for his first dentist appointment, the dental assistant enters wearing her white uniform and Marvin screams and cries loudly. Marvin's crying in response to the white uniform in the dentist office, just as he did in the pediatrician's office, is an example of:

generalization

Tyler has just been released from a drug rehabilitation center where he was treated for heroin addiction. His therapist recommended that he stay away from old drug-related associates and places where he used to use the drug. Studies show this is a wise recommendation because:

he will experience the craving for drugs when in these situations due to classical conditioning.

According to psychologists, learning:

is the process of acquiring, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors, through experience.

In classical conditioning the _____ is a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. After conditioning this stimulus will become the conditioned stimulus.

neutral stimulus

In classical conditioning, this is a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. After conditioning this stimulus will become the conditioned stimulus.

neutral stimulus (NS)

Donna's cat learned to press a lever so more food would be poured into her food bowl. Donna's roommate's kitten watched the older cat perform this behavior and within a month the kitten was performing this behavior. This is an example of _____.

observational learning

Jim and Laurie invited some friends over for a cookout. One of the visiting couples had a 3-year-old daughter, Bethany, who was playing with Jim and Laurie's 3-year-old-daughter, Kirsten. While the food was being set out Bethany noticed some cookies were being placed on the table and requested a cookie. Bethany's parents refused, which caused Bethany to throw a tantrum. Bethany's parents gave her a cookie so she would stop the tantrum. All of this took place while Kirsten was watching. The next day Jim and Laurie were preparing dinner and Kirsten requested a cookie and she was told she could have a cookie, but not until after dinner. Kirsten then proceeded to throw a tantrum, which she had never done before. Kirsten's behavior can be explained through which kind of learning/conditioning?

observational learning

Michael wanted to train his dog, Buddy, to come to him when called. Every time Michael called Buddy and he came, Michael would give him a treat and pet him. Soon Buddy would come every time he was called. Michael is using _____ conditioning to train Buddy.

operant

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate _____ stimuli.

two

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the fear of a loud nose was the ___

unconditioned response