Chapter 6 Questions
To what countries do many U.S. Muslims trace their ancestry?
Approximately 1/3 of U.S. Muslims trace their ancestry to Pakistan and other South Asian countries and 1/4 to Arab countries of Southwest Asia and North Africa. Another 1/4 are African Americans.
22. Most adherents of Jainism are found in ______; one of their most basic beliefs is that nonviolence and self-control are the means to achieve _________.
1) India 2) liberation
Most adherents of Tenrikyo, originally a branch of _________, are found in ______.
1) Shinto 2) Japan
Why is Roman Catholic dominate in the American southwest?
Roman Catholic dominates in the American southwest because of the immigration from Mexico and other Latin American countries.
22. Why are there a large percentage of Roman Catholic toponyms found in Québec and the U.S. Southwest?
Roman Catholic immigrants have settled in Québec and the U.S. Southwest and as a result, are responsible for the large percentage of Roman Catholic toponyms found in that area.
In which portion of the Western Hemisphere do you find Roman Catholicism being the most dominant?
Roman Catholics comprise 81% of Christians in Latin America and 32% in North America. Therefore, they are more dominant in Latin America.
Two primal-indigenous religions are:
Shamanism and Paganism.
22. How did Christianity also spread through the process of hierarchical diffusion?
Emperor Constantine encouraged the spread of Christianity and made it the empire's official religion in 380.
Referencing Table 6.1, which Protestant denomination is dominant in the U.S.?
Evangelical Protestant Church
__________ attracts the largest number of Muslim migrants. The largest numbers of Muslims who migrate to Europe leave ________ and head to _________, or leave _________ and head to ______.
1) Saudi Arabia 2) Turkey 3) Germany 4) Algeria 5) France
There are two main branches of Islam -- The larger of the two is
1) Sunni and Shiite. 2) Sunni.
22. Folk religions, sometimes called _______, believe that ______________________.
1) animism 2) inanimate objects or natural events are "animated", or have discrete spirits and conscious life.
Hinduism has unknown origins. Archaeological evidence indicates that it may date back as far as 2500 B.C. to the Indus River Valley in present-day ________________ Key texts and rituals date back 2,000 years and the earliest temples were constructed between 1,500 and 2,000 years ago.
1) eastern Pakistan.
22. Following the diaspora in A.D. 70, Jews were exiled from their homeland. Often they lived in the minority in various countries and were forced to live in isolated neighborhoods called ________.
1) ghettos
22. Sikh worship in a place called a __________, while Jews go to a ___________. Bahá'í have built Houses of Worship on every continent to symbolize the fact that Bahá'í is a universalizing religion with adherents all over the world.
1) gurdwara 2) Synagogue 3) the fact that Bahá'í is a universalizing religion with adherents all over the world.
Christianity first spread from its hearth (Judea) through ________ diffusion by missionaries. It also spread throughout the Roman Empire through ________ diffusion.
1) relocation 2) contagious
22. The natural features of India that are most likely to be the places of the holiest of shrines are ______________; a pilgrimage for a Hindu is called a ________. These shrines are established by tradition, not by ______.
1) riverbanks and coastlines 2) tirtha 3) doctrine
22. Bahá'í is a ____________ religion and found in _________________________
1) universalizing 2) India and other Asian countries, Africa, and the Western Hemisphere.
In geographic terms, what does ethnic religions mean?
1. A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
In geographic terms, what does atheism mean?
1. The belief that God does not exist.
In geographic terms, what does agnosticism mean?
1. The belief that the existence of God cannot be proven empirically.
In geographic terms, what is a missionary?
A missionary is an individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.
In geographic terms, what does universalizing religions mean?
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular area.
22. In geographic terms, what is meant by an autonomous religion?
A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.
22. Through what type of diffusion has Christianity spread globally since the 1500s?
Contagious diffusion.
What is cosmogony?
Cosmogony is a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.
22. The __________ emerged as Israel's main opponent in the region, and were viewed by Egypt and Jordan as the rightful owners of the Gaza Strip and West Bank, as well as Palestine which they said included all of Israel. A stable peace has yet to be achieved as there is a power struggle between the Fatah and Hamas parties for control of the Palestinian cause. FYI...Palestinians are considered a "stateless nation".
Palestinians
Unaffiliated (16% of the world's people). What does unaffiliated mean?
People in this group affirm neither belief nor lack of belief in God or some other Higher Power. They do not have a formal association with a religious institution. Pg.185
What determines a sacred space in a universalizing religion?
Sacred places are usually cities and other places associated with the founder's life. They don't have to be near each other and do not need to be related to any particular physical environment.
22. Why is the Ganges considered the holiest river in India?
The Ganges is considered the holiest river in India because it is believed Shiva lives there.
22. Unlike other ethnic religions, what caused Judaism to spread to other countries?
The Jews were exiled from their homeland. The Romans forced them to disperse around the world in the action known as diaspora. They were frequent victims of prejudice and were relocated several times. During World War 2, they were forced to move into concentration camps. Not having a homeland forced them to live under many nationalities.
22. What is the hierarchical structure of the Roman Catholic Church?
The Pope is at the top of the hierarchy and is also the bishop if the Diocese of Rome. The Archbishops report to the Pope. Each heads a Province, which is a group of several dioceses. The archbishop is also a bishop of one diocese within the province, and some distinguished archbishops are elevated to the rank or cardinal. Bishops report to an archbishop. Each administers a diocese. The bishop's headquarters is called a "see" and is usually the largest city in the diocese. Priests report to bishops. A diocese is spatially divided into parishes, each headed by a priest.
. What was the caste system as it was practiced in India? (FYI, the caste system is now outlawed, but it is still evident in many social interactions, especially in rural areas.)
The caste system indicated the class or distinct hereditary into which a Hindu was born, according to religious law.
22. What is a hierarchical religion? Give an example.
A hierarchal religion is a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Roman Catholicism are examples.
What is the breakdown of religious affiliation within sub-Saharan Africa?
Around two-thirds are Christian and one-third Muslim.
What is the breakdown of religious affiliation within South Asia?
Around two-thirds of the people are Hindus and one-third Muslims. India is 80 percent Hindu, whereas Bangladesh and Pakistan are more than 90 percent Muslim.
Name three countries where you would find the greatest clustering of Shiite Muslims:
Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, and Yemen.
6 other groups (between 1 and 10 million adherents) -
Bahá'í, Cao Dai, Jainism, Shinto, Tenrikyo, and Zoroastrianism.
Name two Protestant religions that have autonomous structures -
Baptists and the United Church of Christ.
What are the origins of Buddhism?
Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, whose life was changed after four trips in which he met an old man, a diseased man, a corpse, and a monk. He meditated and became the "enlightened one" or the Buddha.
22. Why is cremation encouraged by the Chinese government?
Burying the dead removes as much as 10% of land for agriculture. The government of China has also ordered this practice to discontinue.
The three main universalizing religions are:
Christianity, Islam, and Buddhist. Ethnic religions include Hinduism and folk religions.
Four Largest Religions (77% of the world's people):
Christians (2.2 billion adherents); Muslims (1.6 billion adherents); Hindus (1 billion adherents); and Buddhists (500 million adherents)
Why have so many religious conflicts been fought for centuries over lands in the Southwest Asia as far back as the Middle Ages and even earlier?
Christians, Muslims, and Jews have fought for many centuries to control the same strip of land due to their similar heritage.
Globally, where is Buddhism primarily clustered?
East Asia and Southeast Asia
Which regions of Europe are predominantly Eastern Orthodox?
East and Southeast
22. In the decades that followed, Israel fought a series of four wars with its neighbors to preserve its independence. Not until the Camp David Accords was signed in 1979, did one of the neighbors, ______, officially recognize the right of Israel to exist.
Egypt
22. Name three Protestant religions that have hierarchical structures --
Episcopalian, Lutheran, and Methodist
22. In geographic terms, what is meant by fundamentalism?
Fundamentalism is the literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or congregation).
How is Protestantism different than the Roman Catholic or Orthodox branches of Christianity?
Individuals have the primary responsibility for achieving personal salvation through direct communication with God. Grace is achieved through faith rather than through sacraments performed by the Church.
22. By what methods was Islam diffused?
Islam diffused through the relocation diffusion of missionaries to portions of sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.
22. Which three religions all believe Adam to have been the first man and Abraham to be his descendant?
Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.
22. What was the effect of the fall of the Soviet Union on religion in Eastern Europe?
It brought a religious revival, especially in areas where Roman Catholicism is the most prevalent branch of Christianity, including Croatia, Czechia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Religion declined in importance. The government nationalized religious property and buildings.
What is the purpose of a minaret?
It is a tower where a man known as a muezzin summons people to worship.
22. Why is Judaism considered an ethnic religion because of its calendar, which is also lunar-based?
Judaism is considered an ethnic religion because their holidays are based on events in the agricultural calendar of present-day Israel (their homeland) even though Jews are spread out throughout the world.
22. What Central Asian countries that were formerly part of the Soviet Union are primarily Islamic today?
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
The next largest group are followers of _______, a protective and destructive god
Shiva
The three major branches of Christianity are:
Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox.
22. What seems to determine a sacred space in an ethnic religion?
Sacred places are derived from the distinctive physical environment of its hearth.
22. How was the design of colonial settlements affected by their religious beliefs?
Some settlers placed their churches at the most prominent location in the center of the settlement (or close to a public open space known as a common) in order to reflect the importance of religion in their lives. Their lives revolved around their religion. They also lived together clustered in large numbers to be close to each other for safety. They want their church to be easily accessible.
What is the most numerous Evangelical Protestant Church?
Southern Baptist Convention
Within which regions of Europe is Roman Catholicism the dominant Christian branch?
Southwest and East.
Who was the Taliban and where have they been a major influence on society?
The Taliban was a fundamentalist Islamic group in Afghanistan. They have a literal interpretation of the Quran. They gained control of Afghanistan's government in the 1990's. They passed incredibly strict laws
What is a particularly important site for daily prayers for Jews in Jerusalem?
The Western Wall.
22. What is the most important Muslim site in Jerusalem?
The most important Muslim structure in Jerusalem is the Dome of the Rock, built in A.D. 691. Muslims believe that the large rock beneath the building's dome is the place from which Muhammad ascended to heaven, as well as the alter on which Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac or his son Ishmael.
What explains why there are large clusters of Muslims within European nations, such as France and Germany?
The number of Muslim populations in Europe have increased over the years. For example, France has the largest Muslim population, about 4 million that came from former Muslim colonies. They might have been given preference since they were once France's colonies. In addition, Germany also has three million Muslims that have emigrated primarily from Turkey. In Southeast Europe, Albania, Bosnia, and Herzegovina, and Serbia each have about 2 million Muslims.
22. Why does the pulpit in a mosque face toward Makkah?
The pulpit in a mosque faces toward Makkah because that is the direction in which all Muslims pray.
What does the word Islam mean in Arabic?
The word Islam means "submission to the will of God" and has a similar root to the Arabic word for "peace".
Roman Catholics in the United States are predominantly clustered in the northeast and southwest; Evangelical Protestants are predominantly clustered in the southeast. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) are predominantly clustered in _____________________.
Utah and surrounding states.
What are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism?
a. All living beings must endure suffering. b. Suffering, which is caused by a desire to live, leads to reincarnation (repeated rebirth in new bodies or forms of life). c. The goal of all existence is to escape suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation into Nirvana (a state of complete redemption), which is achieved through mental and moral self-purification. d. Nirvana is attained through an Eightfold Path: rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation.
What is the difference between a branch, a denomination, and a congregation?
a. Branch: A large and fundamental division within a religion. b. Denomination: Unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body. c. Congregation: A local assembly of persons brought together for common religious worship.
22. What does it mean to make a pilgrimage?
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
22. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, a split developed in Christian beliefs and two separate churches developed: ______________branch and ___________ branch.
1) Roman Catholic 2) Orthodox
22. What are examples of the Taliban's attempts to enforce Islamic law?
"Western, non-Islamic" leisure activities were banned, such as flying kites, watching television, playing music, and surfing the Internet. Soccer stadiums were converted to settings for execution and floggings. Men were beaten for shaving their beards and women stoned for committing adultery. Homosexuals were buried alive and prostitutes were hanged in front of large audiences. Thieves had their hands cut off, and women wearing nail polish had their fingers cut off.
22. Nearly _____ of the world's 14 million Jews live in the U.S. and another 2/5 live in ______. Judaism was the first recorded religion to promote monotheism. What is the difference between monotheism and polytheism?
1) 2/5 2) Israel
More than ____ percent of Latin Americans and more than ____ percent of Europeans and North Americans identify themselves as _______. More than ____ of the people of Central Asia and of Southwest Asia and North Africa identify themselves as ______.
1) 90 2) 75 3) Christians 4) 90 5) Muslims.
22. All three hearths of the three largest universalizing religions are in _____.
1) Asia
22. The four castes were _______________________. Who were the Dalits, or Untouchables?
1) Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Shudras 2) They were descended from indigenous people who dwelled in India prior to the Aryan conquest and did work that was considered too dirty for other castes.
22. Most Spiritists are found in ________, and it is the belief _________________________________________________.
1) Brazil 2) that the human personality continues to exist after death and can communicate with the living through the agency of a medium or psychic.
22. People of religious faith in China often follow a combination of _______ and _________ or _______ or other traditional Chinese practices.
1) Buddhism 2) Confucianism 3) Taoism
__________ is the most widely practiced religion in every country of the Western Hemisphere and in most countries of Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. Islam is the most widely practiced religion in nearly every country of ___________, __________, and ________. Buddhism or Hinduism is widely practiced in _____. ________ is the most widely practiced religion in the ___________.
1) Christianity 2) Southwest Asia 3) North Africa 4) Central Asia 5) Asia 6) Judaism 7) State of Israel
Not all Christians celebrate holidays on the same date as the Protestant and Roman Catholic branches calculate dates using the _______ calendar, while Orthodox churches use the ___ calendar.
1) Gregorian 2) Julian
Four countries outside of Southwest Asia (the Middle East) account for about 40 percent of the world's Muslims. They are ______, ________, ______, and _______.
1) Indonesia 2) Pakistan 3) India 4) Bangladesh
22. As the only country with a Jewish majority, _______ is the destination for 73% of Jewish international migration.
1) Israel
Shinto is primarily found in _______; Cao Dai is clustered in ________; Zoroastrianism is mainly found today in _____________________________.
1) Japan 2) Vietnam 3) India (70,000), Iran (25,000), and United States (20,000).
After World War II, lands were set aside to create a Jewish homeland. The United Nations voted in 1947 to divide the UK's Palestine Mandate into two separate countries: one for ______ and one for ______. The city of ________ was supposed to be open to everyone and run by the UN.
1) Jewish 2) Arab 3) Jerusalem
22. Name the two holiest cities for Muslims - ______________; a pilgrimage for a Muslim is called a _____.
1) Makkah ( Mecca) and Madinah (Medina) 2) hajj
Juche is found in ________; the founder was ________; viewed sometimes as a government ideology or philosophy, not a religion.
1) North Korea 2) Kim Il-sung
Sikhism is clustered in the ________________. Founder: _________; God was revealed as The One Supreme Being (or Creator); their holy book is ________________________________.
1) Punjab regions of India 2) Guru Nanak 3) the Guru Granth Sa-hib (the Holy Granth of Enlightenment).
22. The largest migration flows of Christians are in and out of __________and the __________.
1) Russia 2) United States
Folk Religions 6% of the world's people):
3 Largest groups are - Chinese traditional, primal-indigenous, and African traditional.
Other Religions (1% of the world's people):
4 largest groups (between 14 and 23 million adherents each) are - Juchte, Judaism, Sikhism, and Spiritism.
What is the breakdown of religious affiliation within Southeast Asia?
40% are Muslims, 24% Buddhists, and 21% Christians. Indonesia is 87% Muslim, Cambodia and Thailand are more than 90% Buddhist, and the Philippines is more than 90% Christian.
22. Considering the close ties that ethnic religions typically have to nature and to their physical environment, why might the solstice have special meaning?
A solstice might have special meaning because it is a day in which the Sun appears lowest in the sky, and the movement of the Sun's path north or south comes to a stop before reversing direction. The winter and summer solstice are also the longest and shortest days and may be viewed as a symbolic death and rebirth.
What factors contributed to the diffusion of Islam to Indonesia?
Arab traders took the religion there in the thirteenth century.
There is also one other branch of Islam, ______, is found in Oman.
Ibadi
22. Refer to the "Debate It!" section on page 225 to answer the following. According to Jews, what is one reason why the "security fence" is necessary?
Israel has protected its citizens by constructing a fence near its borders to help keep out attackers. Israel has also made numerous adjustments to the location of the fence in response to humanitarian concerns.
Why is Jerusalem especially holy to Jews?
It is especially holy to Jews because it was the location of the Temple, their center of worship in ancient times.
22. Where did Christianity originate and when?
It originated in Southwest Asia and is based on the timeline of the birth and death of Jesus.
What was the primary method by which Buddhism first diffused to China?
Merchants along the trading routes from northeastern India introduced Buddhism to China.
What is the most numerous Mainline Protestant Church?
Methodist in the Mainline Tradition
What is the breakdown of religious affiliation within East Asia?
More than one-half of the people are unaffiliated with any religion. Most of the other one-half are divided equally between Buddhism and folk religions.
Why do ethnic religions typically have more clustered distributions than universalizing religions?
Most of the adherents of the world's leading ethnic religions have remained embedded in the culture where they originated, rather than being diffused from one culture to another like universalizing religions.
In what way do Muslims in Muslim-dominant countries view cemeteries differently than most Christians?
Muslim countries use cemeteries as parks rather than solely places to visit the deceased.
Why is it difficult to know exactly how many adherents (followers) each religion may have?
No official count of religious membership is taken in the United States or in other countries. In addition, some adherents may not feel part of the religion even if they follow the same practices. Others may keep their faith a secret and avoid publicly expressing their religious beliefs. Pg.184
Which region of Europe is predominantly Protestant?
Northwest.
22. When and how did Protestantism begin?
Protestantism originated with the principles of the Reformation in the 16th century. The Reformation movement is regarded as beginning when Martin Luther posted 95 theses on the door of the church at Wittenberg on October 31st, 1517. He had a list of things the Church needed to improve on. The Protestant Branch broke off from the Roman Catholic Branch.
In which portion of the Western Hemisphere do you find the Protestant faith being the most dominant?
Protestants comprise 18% of Christians in Latin America and 63% in North America.
22. For what reasons is the place of worship, the church, of such special importance to Christians?
The Church is of such importance to Christians because attendance at a collective service of worship is considered extremely important by all three major branches of Christianity. The Church was also often the tallest and largest building in a community. Churches reflect both the cultural values of the denomination and the region's architectural heritage.
How was the Orthodox Church and others religions affected by the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917?
The Communist government of the Soviet Union pursued especially strong antireligious programs, whereas the Orthodox Church was originally a part of the Russian government under the Czar (that tie was removed).
What is the largest ethnic religion and where is it primarily found?
The ethnic religion with the largest number of followers is Hinduism. 97% of Hindus are concentrated in the country India.
What was the preferred method of disposing of bodies by ancient Zoroastrians?
The exposed the dead to scavenging birds and animals to strip away unclean portions of the body and to avoid contaminating sacred elements (fire, earth and water) with the body. The dead were exposed in a structure called a dakhma, or tower of silence.
In Hinduism, what is the name given to the group with the largest number of adherents? To which god do they worship?
The group with the largest number of adherents are followers of Vaishnavism. They worship the god Vishnu, which is a loving god incarnated as Krishna.
22. For what reasons were most utopian communities unsuccessful over time?
The inhabitants were celibate and could not attract immigrants. Some residents also moved away in search of a better economic conditions.
According to Palestinians, what is one reason why the "segregation wall" must come down?
The wall has helped Jewish settlers increase their territory under their control. Palestinians living in the West Bank consider Israel's construction of settlements and the wall to be hostile acts. The wall that Israel built prevents some Palestinians from reaching their fields and workplaces.
Why is Canada (except Québec) and the United States predominantly Protestant?
Their early colonists came primarily from Protestant England and Québec was settled by the French where they brought the Catholic faith with them.
In what ways are Mahayana and Theravada Buddhists different in their beliefs?
Theravadists believe that Buddhism is a full-time job and requires you to become a monk. Mahayanists claim that their approach can help more people since it is less demanding and all- encompassing. Theravadists emphasize Buddha's life of self-help and years of solitary introspection, and Mahayanists emphasize Buddha's later years of teaching and helping others. Theravadists cite Buddha's wisdom and Mahayanists his compassion.
22. Why did Islam eventually split into two branches at the death of Muhammad?
There was a disagreement over the line of succession in Islamic leadership. There wasn't an identified person or group to carry on the message of God after Muhammad died. This caused the Sunni and Shiite branches to form.
22. Why does Buddhism have eight holy shrines?
They are in the location of the eight most important events of the Buddha's life.
What is the fundamental belief of primal-indigenous religions?
They believe that because God dwells within all things, everything in nature is spiritual.
22. Since most of the important religious functions are likely to take place in individual homes, what is the function of a Hindu temple?
They bring individuals closer to their gods. They serve as shrines to one or more gods and as a place for individual reflection and meditation, in accordance to one's personal practices and beliefs within the faith.
22. What is the primary purpose of a Buddhist pagoda?
They contain relics that are believed by Buddhists to be a portion of Buddha's body or clothing. They are not designed for congregational worship.
Why did the center of the Mormon faith move several times in the 19th century and eventually settle in Utah around Salt Lake City?
They settled at Fayette, New York, near the home-town of their founder Joseph Smith. Throughout Smith's life, the group moved several times in search of religious freedom until they migrated to the sparsely inhabited Salt Lake City in Utah. Polygamy got them into trouble on the east coast, so they moved to a place that was sparsely populated.
What is the preferred method of disposing of bodies in the Hindu faith?
They wash the dead bodies in the Ganges River and then they cremate them with a slow fire on a funeral pyre.
Why did the Taliban destroy priceless artistic works from Afghanistan's ancient past?
They were destroyed because they were worshipped as "graven images" in violation of Islam. They destroyed any statues that did not uphold the Islamic faith (Ex: Buddhist statues) and had no tolerance for anything other than the Islamic religion.
Why is it difficult to account for an exact number of Buddhists in the world today?
a. It is difficult to get an accurate count of Buddhists because few people participate in Buddhist institutions. Religious functions are performed primarily by monks rather than by the general public. b. It is also difficult to count the number of Buddhists because Buddhism differs in significant respects from the Western concept of a formal religious system. Someone can be both a Buddhist and a believer in other Eastern religions.
The three main branches of Buddhism are:
a. Mahayanists - 56% and found mainly in China, Japan, and Korea. b. Theravadists - 38% and found mainly in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. c. Vajrayanists- 6% and found mainly in Tibet and Mongolia; are also sometimes referred to as Lamaists and Tantrayanists.
The Five Pillars of Islam are:
a. Shahadah, which means that Muslims frequently recite their belief that there is no deity worthy of worship except the one God, the source of all creation, as well as their belief that Muhammad is the messenger of God. b. Salat, which means that five times daily, a Muslim prays, facing the city of Makkah (Mecca), as a direct link to God. c. Zakat, which means that a Muslim gives generously to charity as an act of purification and growth. d. Sawm of Ramadan, which means that a Muslim fasts during the month of Ramadan as an act of self-purification. e. Hajj, which means that if physically and financially able, a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Makkah.
22. The main purpose of holidays in universalizing religions is to celebrate ____________________________, rather than to the changing seasons of a particular place as is it for ethnic religions.
events related to events in the life of the founder
22. Islam uses a _______ calendar, so Muslim holidays arrive in different seasons from generation to generation.
lunar
Confucianism emphasizes the importance of public service, while Taoism emphasizes the _____________ aspects of life.
mystical and magical
One of their beliefs is to overcome the disunity of religions and the establishment of a universalizing faith through abolition of ______________________.
racial, class, and religious prejudices.