Chapter 6 Review

62. Because they experience ____________, participants try to behave in a way that makes the experimenter think well of them. a. evaluation apprehension b. demand characteristics c. the Hawthorne effect d. deception in a study

a. evaluation apprehension

2. A within-subjects design a. is also known as a repeated-measures design b. must deal with the problem of equivalent groups c. includes a minimum of two independent variables d. must include a subject variable

a. is also known as a repeated-measures design

64. Demand characteristics, and therefore subject bias, can be reduced by using a. only good subjects b. only those participants incapable of figuring out the hypothesis c. deception d. within-subjects rather than between-subjects designs

c. deception

48. Compared to a cross-sectional study, a longitudinal study a. takes less time to complete b. has to deal with potential cohort effects c. has attrition as its major difficulty d. has to be concerned about counterbalancing properly

c. has attrition as its major difficulty

3. A between-subjects design a. requires fewer subjects than a comparable within-subjects design b. must deal with the problem of sequence effects c. includes at least two different groups of participants d. tests the same group of participants at each level of the independent variable

c. includes at least two different groups of participants

23. In a within-subjects design, the differences between experimental conditions could be due to all of the following except a. some confounding factor b. random error c. individual differences d. the effect of the independent variable

c. individual differences

28. Five golfers each hit 50 brand A golf balls, while at the same time and on the same driving range five other golfers hit 50 brand B golf balls. On average, the brand B balls go significantly farther. The difference is most likely due to a. a warm-up effect b. a change in wind direction c. individual differences d. evaluation apprehension

c. individual differences

7. All of the following characterize within-subjects designs except a. concern over order effects b. requires smaller N than comparable between-subjects designs c. researcher will use either random assignment or matching d. some form of counterbalancing will be used

c. researcher will use either random assignment or matching

44. In a memory study, each subject learns six lists of words. A researcher decides to use a Latin square to determine the order in which lists will be shown. Which of the following is true? a. if ten subjects are to be assigned to each row of the Latin square, then 600 subjects will be needed to complete the study b. participants will see each list more than once c. six different orders of list presentation will be used d. the Latin square will have 36 (6x6) rows

c. six different orders of list presentation will be used

14. What do random assignment and matching have in common? a. they are both designed to reduce the number of participants needed for a study b. they both provide effective counterbalancing c. they are both designed to create equivalent groups of participants d. they are both commonly found in within-subjects designs

c. they are both designed to create equivalent groups of participants

51. Terman's studies of gifted children a. showed clear evidence of a detrimental cohort effect b. was flawed by problems with attrition c. used a longitudinal design d. used a cross-sectional design

c. used a longitudinal design

19. When is it most likely that a between-subjects design is being used? a. when a Latin square is mentioned in the design b. when the independent variable is a manipulated variable c. when a subject variable is being used d. whenever there are more than 40 subjects being tested

c. when a subject variable is being used

5. All possible orders of conditions are used in ___________ counterbalancing

complete

8. Cohort effects can make it difficult for developmental psychologists to interpret the results of ___________ studies

cross-sectional

24. For which of the following empirical questions would a within-subjects design be preferred? a. Who learns mazes more quickly, male or female rats? b. Do participants give harsher jail sentences to unattractive defendants? c. Is the Ponzo illusion stronger for those raised in a Western, industrialized cultures? d. Is the Ponzo illusion stronger with the parallel lines horizontal or vertical?

d. Is the Ponzo illusion stronger with the parallel lines horizontal or vertical?

20. When deciding to use matching, which of the following is unimportant as a factor contributing to the decision? a. sample size b. whether an extraneous variable is known to correlate with the dependent variable c. whether it is possible to measure participants on the potential matching variable d. all of the above are important

d. all of the above are important

27. Five golfers each hit 50 brand A golf balls, and then 50 brand B golf balls. On average, the brand B balls go significantly farther. Which of the following is true? a. a warm-up effect b. a wind change c. brand B is better d. any of the above are possible explanations

d. any of the above are possible explanations

25. In within-subjects designs, a. each subject enters the study naive with respect to the procedures to be used b. large numbers of participants usually need to be recruited c. blocked random assignment can be used as a way for forming equivalent groups d. block randomization can be used as a method of counterbalancing

d. block randomization can be used as a method of counterbalancing

12. When subjects partake in each condition before any condition is repeated ________ has been used. a. reverse counterbalancing b. matching c. block randomization d. blocked random assignment

d. blocked random assignment

55. In a _____________ procedure, both participants and the experimenters do not know which condition is being tested, whereas in a _____________ procedure only the participants are unaware of which condition is being tested. a. placebo control; manipulation check b. manipulation check; placebo control c. single-blind; double-blind d. double-blind; single-blind

d. double-blind; single-blind

50. Terman's studies of gifted children have been criticized because a. the high level of attrition made interpretation impossible or highly speculative at best b. he used a cross-sectional strategy when he should have used a longitudinal strategy c. significant cohort effects existed d. his sample could have been more representative

d. his sample could have been more representative

66. All of the following could be used to control for subject bias, except a. using some degree of deception b. conducting an unobtrusive field study c. doing a manipulation check d. informing participants of the hypothesis instead of deceiving them

d. informing participants of the hypothesis instead of deceiving them

11. The term ________ effect has traditionally been used to describe what happens when participants do not behave normally, simply because they know they are part of an experiment.

Hawthorne

31. Over a series of trials, participants experiencing one order of conditions might have an advantage over participants experiencing another order. These effects are called a. carry-over effects b. transfer effects c. experimenter bias effects d. progressive effects

a. carry-over effects

52. In a cross-sectional comparison of intelligence in people aged 20, 40, and 60, differences might be due to aging but they might also be due to the different rearing conditions experienced by participants. This latter interpretation illustrates a(n) _______ effect. a. cohort b. placebo c. attrition d. order

a. cohort

6. All of the following characterize between-subjects designs except a. concern over order effects b. requires larger N than comparable within-subjects designs c. concern over how to create equivalent groups d. random assignment frequently used

a. concern over order effects

36. In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, C and D, the experimenter decides to use complete counterbalancing. Assuming that one subject will be tested in each of the sequences used, how many people will be needed to complete the study? a. 24 b. 48 c. 12 d. 4

a. 24

37. In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, C, and D, the experimenter decides to use a Latin square for counterbalancing. Assuming that ten participants will be tested in each of the sequences used, how many people will be needed to complete the study? a. 40 b. 10 c. 80 d. 4

a. 40

40. In a study with three conditions in which participants are tested in each condition more than once, block randomization could produce each of the following sequences except a. ACCBAB b. ABCCBA c. CABBCA d. BACCBA

a. ACCBAB

33. If subjects are tested once in each condition, a. a Latin square can be used to accomplish counterbalancing b. the study is by definition a between-subjects design c. reverse counterbalancing is the best technique to use to control order effects d. complete counterbalancing cannot be used

a. a Latin square can be used to accomplish counterbalancing

29. The performance of participants in a within-subjects design sometimes deteriorates because of fatigue or boredom. This problem is known as a. a progressive effect b. a carry-over effect c. a placebo effect d. a matching effect

a. a progressive effect

18. When using matching to create equivalent groups, a matching variable is a. any factor that is believed to correlate with the dependent measure being used b. another name for the independent variable c. always a subject variable d. never actually measured

a. any factor that is believed to correlate with the dependent measure being used

60. Demand characteristics refer to a. aspects of the experimental procedure that give away the study's hypotheses b. demands placed on experimenters by non-cooperative participants c. pressures placed on participants by experimenters who want a study to come out a certain way d. features of the study that raise evaluation apprehension in subjects

a. aspects of the experimental procedure that give away the study's hypotheses

9. Creating equivalent groups is a design problem for a. between-subjects designs b. within-subjects designs c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above

a. between-subjects designs

30. A progressive effect a. is more easily controlled by counterbalancing than a carry-over effect b. is more likely to occur in a between-subjects design than a within-subjects design c. usually results in a confound, making counterbalancing a problem d. tends to produce effects that are nonlinear from trial to trial

a. is more easily controlled by counterbalancing than a carry-over effect

10. In _______, each subject volunteering for the study has an equal chance of being placed into group A or group B. a. random assignment b. counterbalancing c. matching d. using a Latin square

a. random assignment

58. Sometimes a subject's behavior is affected by the mere knowledge that he or she is participating in an experiment. Historically, this has been termed a. the Hawthorne effect b. the good subject effect c. the evaluation apprehension effect d. the bad subject effect

a. the Hawthorne effect

45. Longitudinal design is to cross-sectional design as ______ is to _______. a. within-subjects; between-subjects b. between-subjects; within-subjects c. cohort effect; carry-over effect d. subject variable; manipulated variable

a. within-subjects; between-subjects

41. In a study with three conditions in which participants are tested in each condition more than once, reverse counterbalancing would produce which of the following sequences? a. ACCBAB b. ABCCBA c. CABBCA d. ABCABC

b. ABCCBA

65. In a study in which the procedures were assumed to create anxiety, some participants were interrupted in the middle of the procedure and their blood pressure was checked. This is an example of a. a Hawthorne effect b. a manipulation check c. a check on experimenter bias d. a placebo control

b. a manipulation check

57. How might experimenter bias be communicated to subjects in animal research? a. experimenters are more likely to cheat (animals can't report fraud) b. animals in different groups might be handled differently by experimenters c. the subjects will experience different degrees of evaluation apprehension d. none of the above — experimenter bias only occurs in research with human subjects

b. animals in different groups might be handled differently by experimenters

53. Experimenter expectancies a. have been uncovered in studies involving human subjects but not in those using animals b. can be reduced by using a double blind procedure c. can be eliminated by recruiting only "good" subjects d. are not a problem for experienced experimenters

b. can be reduced by using a double blind procedure

35. In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, and C, participants only try each brand once, and an equal number of subjects experience each of the six possible sequences. Which type of counterbalancing is being used? a. Latin square b. complete counterbalancing c. block randomization d. reverse counterbalancing

b. complete counterbalancing

43. In a balanced Latin square, a. each possible sequence of conditions is used b. each condition appears equally often in each sequential position c. participants are tested more than once per condition d. block randomization must be used

b. each condition appears equally often in each sequential position

46. Compared to a longitudinal study, a cross-sectional study a. takes longer to complete b. has to deal with potential cohort effects c. has attrition as its major difficulty d. has to be concerned about counterbalancing properly

b. has to deal with potential cohort effects

21. Blocked random assignment is sometimes used in order to a. match participants on some potentially confounding factor b. insure an equal number of participants per condition c. insure that a random sample is selected d. accomplish complete counterbalancing

b. insure an equal number of participants per condition

1. A between-subjects design a. is also known as a repeated-measures design b. must deal with the problem of equivalent groups c. includes a minimum of two independent variables d. must include a subject variable

b. must deal with the problem of equivalent groups

4. A within-subjects design a. requires more subjects than a comparable between-subjects design b. must deal with the problem of order effects c. tests different groups of participants at each level of the independent variable d. includes at least three different groups of subjects

b. must deal with the problem of order effects

13. Random assignment is to random selection as _______ is to ________. a. between-subjects; within-subjects b. placing participants in groups; acquiring participants for the study c. complete counterbalancing; partial counterbalancing d. recruiting subjects; debriefing subjects

b. placing participants in groups; acquiring participants for the study

11. What is accomplished by random assignment? a. possible order effects are controlled b. possible confounds are spread evenly through the different groups c. an equal number of subjects per group is assured d. a representative sample is selected from the population

b. possible confounds are spread evenly through the different groups

39. In a taste test, subjects try Coke, then Pepsi, then RC Cola, then RC Cola, then Pepsi, and finally, Coke. What method of counterbalancing is being used here? a. block randomization b. reverse counterbalancing c. complete counterbalancing d. asymmetrical transfer

b. reverse counterbalancing

42. When used as a counterbalancing procedure, block randomization insures a. an equal number of participants per condition b. that each condition is tested before any condition is retested c. that each possible sequence of conditions is used d. equivalent groups

b. that each condition is tested before any condition is retested

59. According to Orne, what characterizes most participants? a. they are suspicious and uninterested in the study in which they are participating b. they are cooperative and try to help the experimenter c. they are too afraid for their behavior to be considered normal d. they will actively try to give results opposite to the ones wanted by the experimenter

b. they are cooperative and try to help the experimenter

49. Which of the following is true of Terman's study of gifted children? a. it illustrated the problem of cohort effects in cross-sectional studies b. unlike many longitudinal studies, attrition was very low c. it combined longitudinal and cross-sectional methods into a single design d. it showed that intellectually gifted children have serious problems with social skills

b. unlike many longitudinal studies, attrition was very low

16. As a technique for creating equivalent groups, when is matching preferred over random assignment? a. when a large number of subjects are available and can be used b. when some extraneous variable is known to correlate with the dependent variable c. whenever a within-subjects design is preferred over a between-subjects design d. whenever a potential confound exists, but you aren't aware of its presence

b. when some extraneous variable is known to correlate with the dependent variable

26. Avoiding an order effect is a design problem for a. between-subjects designs b. within-subjects designs c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above

b. within-subjects designs

61. Demand characteristics are more likely to be found in a. between-subjects designs rather than within-subjects designs b. within-subjects designs rather than between-subjects designs c. studies with animal subjects than studies with human subjects d. cross-sectional rather than longitudinal studies

b. within-subjects designs rather than between-subjects designs

1. The creation of equivalent groups is the major design problem for __________ designs.

between-subjects

4. In order to insure that equal numbers of participants are randomly assigned to each condition of a study, _______ is sometimes used.

block randomization

22. In a between-subjects design, the differences between conditions could be due to all of the following except a. some confounding factor b. random error c. a carry-over effect d. the effect of the independent variable

c. a carry-over effect

54. Experimenter expectancies can be reduced by using a. trained experimenters instead of machines b. a placebo control group c. a double-blind procedure d. a between-subjects rather than a within-subjects design

c. a double-blind procedure

8. In a study by Sigall and Ostrove, participants recommended jail sentences for "Barbara Helm." The study is a good example of a. the use of complete counterbalancing b. the advantages of matching over random assignment as a means of creating equivalent groups c. a type of study requiring a between-subjects design d. a type of study requiring a within-subjects design

c. a type of study requiring a between-subjects design

5. In between-subject designs, a. each subject participates in at least two levels of the independent variable b. relatively small numbers of participants usually need to be recruited c. blocked random assignment can be used as a way for forming equivalent groups d. block randomization can be used as a method of counterbalancing

c. blocked random assignment can be used as a way for forming equivalent groups

38. Hagemann, Strauss, and Leißing studied the effects of the color of clothing (red versus blue) in referees' judgments of tae kwan do ability. Referees viewed two sets of 11 videos in random order, and each set was counterbalanced. In effect, Hagemann accomplished a. complete counterbalancing b. block randomization c. both a and b d. none of the above

c. both a and b

56. Automating the procedures as much as possible and using a double-blind procedure will help to reduce a. subject bias only b. experimenter bias only c. both subject bias and experimenter bias d. neither subject bias nor experimenter bias

c. both subject bias and experimenter bias

32. The general procedure used to control for order effects is called a. randomization b. double blind c. counterbalancing d. automation

c. counterbalancing

15. When using a matching procedure a. participants are tested upon completion of the study as a manipulation check. b. participants are tested upon completion of the study for an assessment of individual differences. c. participants with different scores are paired then a member of each pair is randomly assigned to each level of the independent variable. d. participants with similar scores are paired then a member of each pair is randomly assigned to each level of the independent variable.

d. participants with similar scores are paired then a member of each pair is randomly assigned to each level of the independent variable.

34. If participants only experience each of the study's conditions one time, then all of the following counterbalancing techniques can be used except a. Latin square b. complete counterbalancing c. random sample of all possible sequences d. reverse counterbalancing

d. reverse counterbalancing

63. In the research example that used Starbucks coffee, participants did not know whether they were drinking regular or caffeine. They were later tested for memory by experimenters who did not know which group the participants were in. Which of the following is true about this study? a. it failed to control for experimenter expectations b. it illustrates the good subject effect c. the participants were senior citizens, so it showed an especially high level of evaluation apprehension d. the design was an example of a double blind procedure

d. the design was an example of a double blind procedure

47. Which of the following is true about cohort effects? a. they are less important if the ages compared are 50, 60, and 70 (as opposed to 5, 6, and 7) b. they are a version of the general problem of controlling order effects c. they are more of a problem for longitudinal than for cross-sectional studies d. they create a potential nonequivalent groups problem

d. they create a potential nonequivalent groups problem

17. Which of the following is not an important factor in determining whether to use matching as a technique for creating equivalent groups? a. sample size b. whether an extraneous variable is known to correlate with the dependent variable c. whether it is possible to measure participants on the potential matching variable d. whether counterbalancing is required

d. whether counterbalancing is required

67. Which of the following is true about the experiments at the Western Electric plant at Hawthorne, Illinois? a. for a field study, it was remarkably free from confounding b. the workers in the relay assembly test room were so excited about being treated as c. "special" that they were highly productive even under poor working conditions d. worker productivity increased regardless of whether working conditions were made e. better or poorer f. inappropriate statistical procedures created a false impression of the results

d. worker productivity increased regardless of whether working conditions were made

10. Any aspect of a research procedure that gives away the true hypothesis is called a(n) ___________.

demand characteristic

9. Experimenter bias can be reduced by using a(n) _________ procedure in which neither the experimenter nor the subject knows which condition is being tested.

double blind

7. Attrition can be a problem for developmental psychologists who do ___________ research

longitudinal

3. The two most common techniques for creating equivalent groups are _________ and ___________.

random assignment; matching

6. The sequence ABCDDCBA is indicative of __________ counterbalancing

reverse

2. The avoidance of order effects is the major design problem for __________ designs

within-subjects