Chapter 6 Skeletal System

What is the xiphoid process?

An important landmark in CPR

Osteoclasts

Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

Abduction

Movement away from the midline

Adduction

Movement toward the midline

Where is the odontoid process located?

On the axis, or second cervical vertebrae

Pivot joint

only uniaxial movement allowed

What does the odontoid process do?

permits us to nod our head

Rickets

when the bones are soft due to a lack of vitamin d

examples of short bone

wrist and ankle

Rotation

Allows a bone to move around one central axis

What is the function of the organic substance of bone?

It gives it a degree of flexibility

What does the dome shape of the cranium do?

It provides better protection than a flat surface

Haversian canals

The area in which blood vessels that nourish the osteocytes travel through

True or false: Bone is constantly renewed through a process of remodeling that consists of resorption and formation

True

True or false: bones act as passively operated levers to move the body

True

True or false: the cranium protects the brain, the inner ear, and parts of the eye

True

Disk

elastic material between vertebrae

Flatfeet

fallen arches of the feet

Ligament

fibrous band that binds joints

Tendon

fibrous cord that attaches muscle to bone

Periosteum

fibrous tissue covering the outside of the bone

Compact bone

hard bone surrounding the medullary cavity

Diaphysis

hollow, cylindrical shaft of a long bone

Suture of the skull

immovable joint

Suture

irregular bands of connective tissue that holds the bone in place during infancy

Condyloid joint

oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another

Amphiarthrosis

partially movable joint

Example of pivot joint

radius and ulna

Saddle joint

similar to condyloid joints but with greater movement

Spongy bone

small, needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space; contains red bone marrow

Medullary canal

the center of the shaft

Ethmoid

the cranial bone that forms part of the nasal cavity

Difference between the male and female pelvic

the female pelvic is much wider than the male pelvis because a wider pelvis is needed for childbirth and pregnancy

Hematopoiesis

the process of blood cell formation in the bones

Endosteum

tissue that lines the medullary cavity

Hammer toe

toe curls due to a bend in the middle joint

Periosteum

tough, fibrous covering of bone

Gout

occurs due to the deposits of uric acid in a joint cavity; the most commonly affected site is the great toe

Dislocation

occurs when the bones are forced out of alignment

Where is the xiphoid process located?

on the lower cartilaginous part if the breastbone or sternum

Yellow bone marrow

fat storage center

Osteomyelitis

inflammation of the bone

Flexion

act of bringing two bones closer together

Plane joints

allow only slipping or gliding movement

Lordosis

an exaggerated inward curvature in the lumbar region of the spine

Arthritis

an inflammatory condition of one or more joints

Sprain

an injury to the joint in which the ligaments are torn from the attachments to the bone

Articular cartilage

articular layer covering the epiphysis

Epiphysis

at each end of the diaphysis and contains red bone marrow

Osteoblasts

bone-forming cells

Nutrient artery

carries blood supply to the bone

Synovial membrane

lining the articular cartilage

Five functions of bone

1. Support 2. Movement 3. Mineral storage 4. Blood cell formation 5. Protection

What are the three minerals used in making the inorganic portion of bone?

1. calcium phosphate 2. calcium carbonate 3. calcium fluoride

Joint functions

1. gives the skeleton mobility 2. hold the skeleton together

How many bones are in the skeleton?

206

By age 55, the average women has lost about how much percent of her bone mass?

30%

Ball-and-Socket Joint

A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another

Bones in females grow until when?

About 18 years of age

Extension

Acts of increasing the angle of two bones

True or false: Tendons are fibrous cords that connect bone to bone

False; LIGAMENTS are fibrous cords that connect bone to bone

True or false: Red marrow, which manufactures blood cells, is found in irregular bone, the sternum, and the hip bones.

False; Red marrow, which manufactures blood cells, is found in LONG bones, the sternum, and the hip bones.

Rheumatoid arthritis

a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the joints

Kyphosis

a humped curvature in the thoracic area of the spine

Scoliosis

a lateral curvature of the spine

Osteoporosis

a loss of calcium and phosphorous in the bone, causing brittleness

Whiplash

a traumatic injury to the cervical vertebrae

Why is storing minerals in the bone important?

it helps maintain blood calcium homeostasis

Osteocytes

microscopic cells that form the bone; mature bone cells

What is the process by which bone is created (ossification)?

mineral matter replaces cartilage

Diarthrosis

movable joint