Chapter 6: Somatic Symptom and Dissociative Disorders

Amnesia is frequently seen in murder cases with _____ percent of people arrested for homicide claiming to have amnesia. 0-15 15-30 Correct! 25-45 50-75

25-45

Memories formed before the age of _____ tend to be sketchy. Correct! 3 5 7 10

3

Which of the following is a reason an individual may develop dissociative identity disorder? Inability to control their behavior Correct! As a strategy to cope with traumas In order to gain attention for themselves Constant preoccupation with illness

As a strategy to cope with traumas

Theories of somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder

Cognitive factors play a strong role. These can be dysfunctional beliefs about illnesses, paying too much attention to physical change, catastrophic thinking of symptoms. Post-traumatic stress disorder influences those who have experienced a stressor.

Dissociative identity disorder theories. Treatment

DID is a result of coping strategies used by persons faced with trauma. The sociocognitive model says that multiple identities are created to adopt an idea that fits the patient. integrating all alters into one coherent personality and helping to rebuild the capacity to trust healthy relationships.

The theories of conversion disorder

Freudian, which comes from psychoanalytic theory, which says that the disorder is a result of the transfer of the psychic energy attached to repressed emotions, which can include primary and secondary gains. In behavioral theory, it states that stress is alleviated by removing the individual from the environment. Freudian, which comes from psychoanalytic theory, which says that the disorder is a result of the transfer of the psychic energy attached to repressed emotions, which can include primary and secondary gains. In behavioral theory, it states that stress is alleviated减轻 by removing the individual from the environment.

Which of the following is a treatment goal for dissociative identity disorder? Identifying ways to help clients create a hierarchy of traumatic experiences and learning relaxation techniques to handle the stressors Correct! Helping the client work through the trauma to integrate all the alternative personalities into one coherent personality Identifying the traumatic experience and implementing behavior modification to reward or punish the alters Helping the host concentrate on health-enhancing behaviors using exercise and dietary supplements

Helping the client work through the trauma to integrate all the alternative personalities into one coherent personality

Which of the following techniques is heavily used to contact alters in the case of dissociative identity disorder? Channeling Dream analysis Correct! Hypnosis Memory exercises

Hypnosis

Which of the following statements is true of psychogenic amnesia? It often involves anterograde amnesia. It typically involves the inability to remember new information. It involves a generalized loss of memory for the past. Correct! It involves memory loss that is limited to personal information.

It involves memory loss that is limited to personal information.

Some studies suggest that _____ may be more likely than other ethnic groups to experience dissociative symptoms in response to traumas. African Americans Correct! Latinos Asians Native Americans

Latinos

Treatments:

Psychodynamic therapies provide insight into emotions that link to physical symptoms. Behavioral therapies learn and eliminate reinforcements that individuals get from symptoms. Cognitive therapies help to learn and challenge physical symptoms to help avoid catastrophizing them. Belief systems help to engage in therapy to work on the physical symptoms.

Which of the following disorders may appear similar in their presentation? Somatic symptom disorder and dissociative identity disorder You Answered Somatic symptom disorder and conversion disorder Correct Answer Somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder Somatic symptom disorder and body dysmorphic disorder

Somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder

In the context of the theories of conversion disorder, which of the following best describes secondary gain? The reduction in anxiety as a result of the symptoms of conversion Correct! The attention and sympathy received as a result of the conversion symptoms The lack of concern or distress in the wake of a traumatic event The hysteria that comes with the repression of agonizing memories

The attention and sympathy received as a result of the conversion symptoms

n the context of the theories of conversion disorder, which of the following best describes secondary gain? The reduction in anxiety as a result of the symptoms of conversion Correct! The attention and sympathy received as a result of the conversion symptoms The lack of concern or distress in the wake of a traumatic event The hysteria that comes with the repression of agonizing memories

The attention and sympathy received as a result of the conversion symptoms

Which of the following is the most common alter found in dissociative identity disorder? You Answered The helper The host The persecutor Correct Answer The child

The child

Which of the following alters found in dissociative identity disorder offers advice to the other personalities or performs behaviors the host is unable to handle? Correct Answer The helper The host The persecutor You Answered The child

The helper

According to DSM-5, which of the following is a diagnostic criterion for illness anxiety disorder? Somatic symptoms must be present that are severe in intensity. Illness preoccupation should have been present for at least one month. Correct! The individual must perform excessive health related behaviors. The individual should show symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function.

The individual must perform excessive health related behaviors.

Which of the following is considered to be the most dangerous alter found in dissociative identity disorder? You Answered The helper The host Correct Answer The persecutor The child

The persecutor

Which of the following represents one of the difficulties in diagnosing somatic symptom disorders? You Answered The person is probably faking the symptoms The person has difficulty pinpointing the physical discomfort Correct Answer The person may have a real physical problem that is difficult to detect The person does not consciously produce or control the symptoms

The person may have a real physical problem that is difficult to detect

Dissociative amnesia记忆缺失

Types of dissociative amnesia are organic amnesia caused by brain injury, organic amnesia can be along with the inability to remember new information for anterograde amnesia; psychogenic心理性的 amnesia arises in the absence of any brain injury or disease and has psychological causes; is a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember information from the past, has both organic and psychogenic causes.

Dissociative fugue treatment

a person suddenly moves away from home and assumes an entirely new identity, possesses no memory of previous identity, and occurs in response to some stressor. help the person identify the stressors leading to the fugue state and learning better coping skills.

In Hilgard's study on the "hidden observer" phenomenon, he argued that there are two modes of consciousness: the _____ and _____. repressive mode; active mode Correct! active mode; receptive mode receptive mode; suppressive mode suppressive mode; repressive mode

active mode; receptive mode

Unlike a person with dissociative identity disorder, a person in a fugue记忆丧失症 state: Correct Answer actually leaves the scene of the trauma or stress. maintains his or her original identity. will not remember what happened during the fugue state. You Answered will behave quite abnormally in the new environment.

actually leaves the scene of the trauma or stress.

One complication that arises in diagnosing amnesias is the possibility that: Correct! amnesias are being faked by people to escape punishment for crimes committed. amnesias may be the result of using dissociation as a defense against intolerable memories or stressors. amnesia may occur because individuals are in such a high state of arousal during the events that they do not encode and store information. people may forget some, but not all, events which may therefore lead to an inconclusive diagnosis.

amnesias are being faked by people to escape punishment for crimes committed.

People with conversion disorder: are usually willing to receive treatment. Correct Answer can be difficult to treat because they have difficulty believing that something is wrong with them psychologically. deny the existence of a traumatic experience that might have precipitated the disorder. You Answered cannot differentiate between reality and fantasy.

can be difficult to treat because they have difficulty believing that something is wrong with them psychologically.

Loftus's "lost at the mall" studies showed how easy it is to _____. Correct Answer create a false memory reveal repressed memories You Answered use hypnotism to uncover memories use sodium amatol to uncover lost memories

create a false memory

Factitious 不自然的disorder

deliberate faking of an illness to gain medical attention. It's called Munchausen Syndrome. Malingering is faking a symptom or disorder in order to avoid unwanted consequences. Factitious disorder is falsifying illness in another person.

Experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings are typical of individuals diagnosed with: You Answered dissociative fugue. factitious disorder by proxy. illness anxiety disorder. Correct Answer derealization disorder.

derealization disorder.

Somatic symptoms and dissociative disorders are considered by some theorists to be the result of a psychological process known as _____, in which different parts of an individual's identity, memories, or consciousness split off from one another. dissolution disintegration degeneration Correct! dissociation

dissociation

Conversion disorder

dramatic type of somatic symptom disorder that causes patients to lose neurologic神经病学的 function in a certain part of the body with no medical cause. For example, glove anesthesia is a loss of all feeling in the hand that wiped out physical sensation.

Depersonalization and derealization disorder

episodic feeling of detachment from one's own mental processes or body, like an outside observer of one's self. The causes are a significant stressor, sleep deprivation, or the influence of drugs. Diagnosis is episodes of frequent and distressing and interfere with the ability to function and having a history of childhood physical, emotional, or sexual abuse.

Somatic 肉体的Symptom Disorders

experiencing significant physical symptoms for which there is no apparent organic cause, but is as a result of psychological factors. the diagnostic criteria for somatic symptom disorder includes A) one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life; B) excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or associated health concerns, this is manifested by disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of one's symptoms, persistently high levels of anxiety about health or symptoms, excessive time/energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns; C) although any one symptom may not be continuously present, this state of being symptomatic is persistent. It's specified the somatic symptoms predominantly involve pain.

Candice faked her symptoms to gain medical attention. She exaggerated her symptoms to the point that exploratory surgery was conducted. Candice most likely has a _____. factitious disorder by proxy Correct! factitious disorder somatic symptom disorder psychosomatic disorder

factitious disorder

Vickianna's doctor is trying to distinguish between illness anxiety disorder and somatic symptom disorder. According to the DSM-5, to make the distinction he should be determine if Vickianna _____. Correct Answer has physical symptoms seeks medical help has anxious thoughts You Answered experiences acute stress

has physical symptoms

People with conversion disorder: You Answered appreciate psychological interpretations of their problems. tend to assume that serious illnesses are uncommon. Correct Answer have an inability to cope with distress or trauma in adaptive ways. are not actually prone to chronic depression and anxiety.

have an inability to cope with distress or trauma in adaptive ways.

People who develop dissociative identity disorder tend to be: less suggestible and hypnotizable. somewhat suggestible and hypnotizable. Correct! highly suggestible and hypnotizable. suggestible and hypnotizable to only a small extent.

highly suggestible and hypnotizable.

Many courts deny the use of hypnosis in the case of dissociative amnesia because of the possibility that: the individual may not be able to come out of the hypnotic state. Correct! hypnosis will "create" memories through the power of suggestion. the hypnosis will cause more damage to the individuals' well-being. some individuals are not suggestible and cannot be hypnotized.

hypnosis will "create" memories through the power of suggestion. the hypnosis will cause more damage to the individuals' well-being.

Bertram has spent years being concerned about his health even though he has no symptoms or pain. Several years ago, he read an article on tumors and became preoccupied with thoughts about getting a tumor. He rarely seeks medical help and in fact avoids doctors and hospitals. Bertram is most likely experiencing a(n) _____. Correct! illness anxiety disorder somatic symptom disorder dissociative disorder acute stress disorder

illness anxiety disorder

_____ was formerly known as hypochondriasis. Correct! Illness anxiety disorder Conversion disorder Factitious disorder Munchhausen syndrome

illness anxiety disorder

Dissociative identity disorder was formerly known as _____. multiple personality fugue multiple disintegration disorder Correct! multiple personality disorder dissociative personality disorder

multiple personality disorder dissociative personality disorder

The main difference between the amnesia in dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue is that: people with dissociative amnesia typically leave home and create a new life for themselves in another area, while people with dissociative fugue do not take flight and create new identities. Correct! people with dissociative fugue typically leave home and create a new life for themselves in another area, while people with dissociative amnesia do not take flight and create new identities. people with dissociative amnesia typically create alternative personalities, whereas people with dissociative fugue typically do not create new identities. people with dissociative fugue typically m

people with dissociative fugue typically leave home and create a new life for themselves in another area, while people with dissociative amnesia do not take flight and create new identities.

Amnesia is categorized as either _____ or _____. organic; physiological physiological; biopsychological biopsychological; psychogenic Correct! psychogenic; organic

psychogenic; organic

People diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder frequently have periods of all of the following EXCEPT _____. substance abuse depression anxiety Correct! psychotic disorders

psychotic disorders

The inability to remember information from the past is known as _____. anterograde amnesia Correct! retrograde amnesia retrospective amnesia regressive amnesia

retrograde amnesia

Robert has an accident when he is out trekking with his friends. He cannot recall anything that happened just before slipping and hitting his head on a boulder. He most likely has _____. psychogenic amnesia Correct Answer retrograde amnesia anterograde顺行的 amnesia repressive amnesia

retrograde次序颠倒的 amnesia 易忘症

Sherry believes that she has a serious illness. She has had a headache for several days with no relief from traditional over-the-counter medicines. Her visit to the doctor revealed no organic reason for the headaches. Unsatisfied with the results, she goes to several other medical professionals for treatment. Sherry is most likely suffering from a(n) _____. illness anxiety disorder Correct! somatic symptom disorder dissociative disorder acute stress disorder

somatic symptom disorder dissociative disorder acute stress disorder

In dissociative identity disorder, an alter that inflicts pain or punishment on the other personalities by engaging in self-mutilative behaviors (such as self-cutting or self-burning) and suicide attempts is called _____. the oppressor Correct! the persecutor the tyrant the bully

the persecutor

Dissociative disorders

the process where components of mental experience are split from consciousness, but remain accessible through dreams and hypnosis.

Freud and his contemporaries viewed conversion symptoms as results of: the preconscious state of mind attempting to control the conscious state of mind. the id trying to surpass the functioning of the ego and super ego. Correct! the transfer of psychic energy attached to repressed emotions or memories into physical symptoms. the displacement of unconscious anxiety onto a neutral or symbolic object.

the transfer of psychic energy attached to repressed emotions or memories into physical symptoms.

Illness anxiety disorder

the worry that one will develop a serious illness, but does not experience severe physical symptoms. A) a preoccupation with acquiring or having a serious illness; B) somatic symptoms are not present - in the case of a preexisting medical condition, preoccupation全神贯注 is excessive, the preoccupation is clearly excessive or disproportionate; C) a high level of anxiety about health and the individual is easily alarmed about personal health status; D) the individual performs excessive health related behaviors or exhibits maladaptive适应不良的 avoidance; E) the illness preoccupation has been present at least 6 months, but the specific illness that is feared may change over that period of time; and F) the illness-related preoccupation is not better explained by another mental disorder. You may have known this hypochondria or a hypochondriac. In the DSM-5 the label for this is Illness Anxiety Disorder.