Chapter 6- study

Over time, Raj continued to avoid bar-b-cue flavored potato chips, but did begin to eat other types of chips. Raj was able to separate his response to one stimulus (bar-b-cue chips) to others that are similar (all chips). The process that allows Raj to eat potato chips, other than bar-b-que, is _____.

stimulus discrimination

Juan's parents let him earn some pocket money by doing yard work approximately once a week. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which of the following is an example of a reinforcement contingency?

a rat receiving a sugar pellet if they press the lever in a Skinner Box when the light in the box is on

The first stage of learning a new response tendency is called

acquisition

In the positive reinforcement process, when is the stimulus presented?

after the desired response

When using observational learning, which process in learning is a cognitive function, in that you have to notice another person's behavior and its consequences?

attention

After being bit by a snake on a camping trip as a young child, an individual becomes scared every time they go camping. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus?

being bit by a snake

Why is someone more likely to develop a phobia of snakes than a phobia of a curling iron even though both can hurt them?

biological preparedness

What is the process of learning to associate two stimuli so that the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus?

classical conditioning

Samuel was bitten by dog as a child. Now whenever he sees any type of dog, he becomes very afraid. What type of learning occurred when he was bitten that could explain Samuel's fear of dogs, even when they are friendly and look nothing like the dog that bit him?

classically conditioned fear

Through the process of classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes a(n)

conditioned stimulus

Though pizza used to be Edward's favorite food, he recently got sick after eating it. Now he cannot eat it because he feels sick whenever he smells pizza. What could explain Edward's sudden change?

conditioned taste aversion

Jamal, who is in the fourth grade, gets a gold star from his teacher for every book he reads. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous reinforcement

What was Ivan Pavlov researching when he discovered the process of classical conditioning?

digestion

During Pavlov's research on digestion, what spurred his interest and led to the discovery of classical conditioning?

dogs would salivate before the meat powder was presented

Nour is afraid of dogs, and will turn around and leave an area if she sees one approach. Which type of learning is Nour using to reinforce her fears?

escape learning

Eloisa is terrified of dogs. Unfortunately, several of her cousins have them, and when she visits, the dogs have to be put in another room. One of the dogs, Butch, was old, had no teeth, and laid on the couch most of the time. When Eloisa went to visit, her cousin forgot to move Butch to another room. While Eloisa stayed away from Butch, she did stay in the same room. After this occurred several times, Eloisa became less afraid of Butch. What likely occurred in Eloisa?

extinction

If Pavlov continued to ring the bell and never gave the dog the meat powder, and the dog eventually stopped salivating, what process would be at work?

extinction process

In an operant conditioning experiment, a rat receives a reward for the first lever press it makes after 3 minutes has elapsed. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Sarah is paid on a commission basis for selling computer systems. She gets a bonus for every third sale. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

Tariq does not like to cook because he feels it takes too much time, but cannot afford to go out to eat every day. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer in learning to make his own meals?

food

After being conditioned to be afraid of a white rat, Little Albert came to fear anything white and fuzzy. What is this process called?

generalization

When Mabel's mother serves dinner, she tells Mabel that she can have a cookie when her dinner is eaten. Based on operant conditioning, Mabel's mother knows that she is much more likely to get Mabel to eat her dinner if the reward is presented when?

immediately

Experimental studies have shown that exposure to media violence has what effect on the likelihood of physical and verbal aggression?

increases

Nila pays close attention to when her brother is rewarded for behavior, and when he is punished. Because of his experiences, Nila knows she will be praised for good grades from school, and will disappoint her parents if her grades are poor. Consequently, when Nila received high marks on her first report card, she was rewarded with a trip to the zoo. In which way did Nila acquire this insight?

latent learning

In Pavlov's experiment measuring a dog salivating to the sound of a bell, what was the unconditioned stimulus?

meat powder

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

money

Malachy hates broccoli and refuses to eat it. On occasion, Malachy's mother has made him sit at the table long after the meal is over until he eats his broccoli, but he knows that if he sits there long enough, she just gives up and throws the broccoli away. Which type of reinforcement is being used by Malachy?

negative

When a child is crying in a store and a parent buys them a piece of candy if they stop crying, what type of operant conditioning is acting on the parent?

negative reinforcement

Sam wants to learn how to dunk a basketball. She watches other people on the basketball court for hours and then practices her dunk by doing what they did. What type of learning is happening for Sam?

observational learning

As a young child, Fatima learned that she could earn treats when she behaved pleasantly in front of her grandparents. These treats, often sweets, inspired Fatima to behave when with her grandparents, based on _____.

operant conditioning

A parent who spanks their child would be using:

positive punishment

In an effort to end Giselle's tantrums, Giselle's parents walk out of the room during one of her temper tantrums. No matter how much Giselle cried and kicked, her parents would continue to walk out of a room if Giselle entered it mid-tantrum. Giselle was only allowed to be with them when she calmed down. Which type of learning is being utilized here?

positive reinforcement

In which way is punishment different from negative reinforcement?

punishment weakens a response, negative reinforcement strengthens the response

A steep slope on a graph displaying the results of an operant conditioning study would indicate:

rapid responding

Which of the following occurs when an organism continues to make a response to a stimulus, even after the reinforcement for that response has been terminated?

resistance to extinction

Which of the following will occur when a random response is rewarded with some type of reinforcement?

response is repeated

How do researchers know that operant conditioning is working?

response rate of the subject

Olga is training her dog to ring a bell when it wants to go outside. Of the following steps, which would be the first in shaping the dog's behavior to ring the bell?

reward the dog whenever it went near the bell

Amir's professor requires a series of short research papers. One is due each week, and each week Amir's professor indicates how the paper can be improved. All future papers are then expected to incorporate these suggestions. Which of the following is Amir's professor using to improve the quality of student writing?

shaping

Raj will not eat potato chips since they made him sick years ago. However, he recently began to date someone who he really liked. He was invited over for a special, home cooked meal, and his date made potato chips from scratch. When he was offered some, he politely took one and ate it. Much to his surprise, he didn't get sick, and he found he really liked them. How can this phenomenon be explained?

spontaneous recovery

Raj ate an entire bag of spicy, bar-b-cue potato chips. Shortly after, he became sick, and vomited several times. Now, he refuses to eat any potato chips because he associates them with being sick. Why does Raj now refuse to eat any potato chips?

stimulus generalization

Marah knows how hard her roommate studies, and how well she does in class. Marah wishes her grades were as good as her roommates', so she spent several additional hours studying over the weekend for her exam on Monday. Because of her hard work, Marah scored an "A" on the exam. Based on observational learning, which of the following served as a model for Marah's behavior?

the roomate

A stimulus that causes a reflexive response, that is, one where there is no association between the stimulus and the response, is referred to as a(n)

unconditioned stimulus

The rewarding properties of a slot machine are due to what schedule of reinforcement?

variable ratio

When does extinction begin?

whenever previously available reinforcement is stopped