Chapter 6 Study Notes
Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells always lack A. a nucleus B. ribosomes C. flagella D. a plasma membrane E. more than one of these
A. a nucleus
Which structure is generally not present in plant cells? A. centriole B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosomes D. ribosomes E. mitochondrion F. more than one of these G. vacuole
A. centriole
Identify the part of a eukaryotic cell that pumps excess water out of the cell A. contractile vacuole B. endocytic vesicle C. plasma membrane D. secretory vesicle E. central vacuole
A. contractile vacuole
Which cell organelle synthesizes the lipids that make up the bulk of cell membranes? A. endoplasmic reticulum B. chloroplast C. mitochondrion D. nucleus E. golgi body F. central vacuole
A. endoplasmic reticulum
One or a few long projections from the cell surface that are used for locomotion is called ____________ A. flagella B. actin filaments C. centrioles D. pili E. cilia
A. flagella
Identify the part of a eukaryotic cell that produces most of the cell's ATP A. mitochondrion B. cytoplasm C. micobody D. nucleus E. secretory vesicle
A. mitochondrion
Which of the following is surrounded by a double membrane? A. mitochondrion B. food vacuole C. lysosome D. microbody E. transport vesicle
A. mitochondrion
Which structure allows large molecules to move in and out of the nucleus? A. nuclear pore B. nucleolus C. endocytic vesicle D. transport vesicle E. secretory vesicle
A. nuclear pore
List 5 characteristics that all cells have in common
All cells have/use a cell membrane, genetic material, proteins, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a method for obtaining energy.
A large, membrane-bound sac that stores water, nutrients, and other substances in plant cells A. chloroplast B. central vacuole C. mitochondrion D. endoplasmic reticulum E. Golgi apparatus
B. central vacuole
Which of the following organelles is found only in plants? A. ribosome B. central vacuole C. centrioles D. mitochondrion E. ER
B. central vacuole
Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called _______________ A. carotene. B. chlorophyll. C. hemoglobin. D. chromatin. E. keratin.
B. chlorophyll
Which of the following is not part of the cytoskeleton? A. more than one of these B. endoplasmic reticulum C. actin filament D. intermediate filament E. microtubule
B. endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is not found in prokaryotic cells? A. plasma membrane B. endoplastic reticulum C. DNA D. ribosomes E. cell wall
B. endoplastic reticulum
Which eukaryotic cell structure produces lysosomes and secretory vesicles? A. endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. cytoskeleton D. nucleus E. centriole
B. golgi apparatus
Which of the following organelles contains hydrolytic enzymes? A. peroxisome B. lysosome C. central vacuole D. contractile vacuole E. chloroplast
B. lysosome
Identify the part of the eukaryotic cell that is sometimes referred to as the "powerhouse of the cell" A. ribosome B. mitochondrion C. microbody D. nucleus E. nucleolus
B. mitochondrion
The part of a eukaryotic cell where ribosomes are synthesized A. nuclear pore B. nucleolus C. endoplasmic reticulum D. microbody E. central vacuole
B. nucleolus
Most functions of a eukaryotic cell are controlled by the cell's ______________ A. chloroplast. B. nucleus. C. cell wall. D. ribosomes. E. mitochondria.
B. nucleus
Which structure completely surrounds all cells and is selectively permeable? A. extracellular matrix B. plasma membrane C. nucleolus D. cell wall E. cytoskeleton
B. plasma membrane
Which structure is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? A. Nucleoid B. Ribosome C. Pilus D. Cytoskeleton E. Mitochondrion
B. ribsosme
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes. Their functions do not include A. breaking down old organelles. B. stimulate production of phagocytes that engulf and digest bacteria. C. digesting phagocytized pathogens. D. breakdown of substances taken into the cell by phagocytosis. E. catalyzing the breakdown of macromolecules.
B. stimulate production of phagocytes that engulf and digest bacteria.
Which structure is generally not present in animal cells? A. ribosome B. cytoskeleton C. cell wall D. nucleolus E. more than one of these F. extracellular matrix G. lysosome
C. cell wall
Which part of a eukaryotic cell is composed of a network of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments which aid in support and movement within the cell? A. endoplasmic reticulum B. centrosome C. cytoskeleton D. flagellum E. cilium
C. cytoskeleton
Which of the following pairs does not match? A. cytoskeleton : cell movement and support B. nucleus : DNA replication C. lysosome : protein synthesis D. mitochondrion: ATP synthesis E. nucleolus : ribosome production
C. lysosome : protein synthesis
Which structure is not found in eukaryotic cells? A. nucleoid B. cell wall C. more than one of these D. pilus E. flagellum
C. more than one of these
Which of the following is not a membrane-bound organelle? A. Golgi body B. microbody C. nucleoid D. endoplasmic reticulum E. nucleus
C. nucleoid
Which cell structure contains chromosomes? A. microbody B. cytoplasm C. nucleus D. nucleoid E. capsule
C. nucleus
Where are amino acids joined together to form proteins? A. nucleus B. Golgi apparatus C. ribosome D. mitochondrion E. central vacuole
C. ribosome
Which of the following creates a "waterproof" seal between neighboring cells? A. ECM B. Desmosomes C. Tight junctions D. Gap junctions
C. tight junctions
Which part of a prokaryotic cell is often composed of peptidoglycan?
Cell wall
Define cells
Cells are the smallest unit of life
What are the centrioles? Membranous or nonmembranous?
Centrioles are paired bundles of microtubules and they help with mitosis. They're nonmembranous.
What is the cilium? Membranous or nonmembranous?
Cilium are made out of microtubules, they're short tubes that stick out of membranes, they help wave together to propel liquids around the cell, and they move back and forward. They're nonmembranous
Which cell structure most likely originated through the process of endosymbiosis? A. cytoskeleton B. endoplasmic reticulum C. nucleus D. chloroplast E. lysosome
D. chloroplast
Which part of a eukaryotic cell is the site of photosynthesis? A. matrix B. lysosome C. centrosome D. chloroplast E. centriole
D. chloroplast
Which of the following does not correctly match an organelle with its function? A. mitochondria : formation of ATP B. ribosomes : site of protein synthesis C. cell wall : support, protection D. chloroplasts : site of cellular respiration E. chromosomes : genetic control of the cell
D. chloroplasts : site of cellular respiration
Identify the part of the eukaryotic cell that is the site of cellular respiration A. plasma membrane B. microbody C. endocytic vesicle D. mitochondrion E. nucleolus
D. mitochondrion
Which of the following connections is only found in plant cells? A. Desmosomes B. ECM C. Gap junctions D. Plasmodesmata
D. plasmodesmata
Identify the part of a eukaryotic cell that consists of one large and one small subunit, each made of RNA and protein A. nucleus B. microtubule C. microbody D. ribosome E. nucleolus
D. ribosome
Small membranous sac used to transport a variety of materials within the cell A. food vacuole B. lysosome C. endocytic vesicle D. transport vesicle E. secretory vesicle
D. transport vesicle
What are desmosomes?
Desmosomes (animals) are muscles cells that function to connect cells together.
The rigid structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells and provides them with protection and support is the _____________ A. extracellular matrix B. central vacuole C. capsule D. cytoskeleton E. cell wall
E. cell wall
Plants, fungi, and bacteria share which one of the following characteristics? A. nuclei B. vesicles C. lysosomes D. nuclear membranes E. cell walls
E. cell walls
Cylindrical organelles that occur in pairs within the centrosome of animal cells are called A. cilia B. microtubules C. flagella D. microbodies E. centrioles
E. centrioles
Which of the following are short, hair-like projections from the surface of eukaryotic cells that are used to move the cell through its environment, or to move substances along the surface of the cell? A. flagella B. centrioles C. intermediate filaments D. pili E. cilia
E. cilia
Identify the part of a eukaryotic cell that is the final assembly and packaging site for many substances produced by the cell A. central vacuole B. endoplasmic reticulum C. nucleolus D. centrosome E. Golgi apparatus
E. golgi apparatus
Flattened membranous sacs involved in the packaging and export of molecules synthesized in the cell are known as ______________ A. microbodies B. pinocytic vesicles. C. vacuoles. D. chromosomes. E. golgi bodies.
E. golgi bodies
Which of the following is (are) not part of the endomembrane system? A. rough endoplasmic reticulum B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. Golgi bodies D. lysosomes E. mitochondria
E. mitochondria
The most common route for membrane flow in the endomembrane system is A. tonoplast -> plasma membrane -> nuclear envelope -> smooth ER B. chloroplasts -> mitochondrion -> plasma membrane C. lysosome -> Golgi-> plasma membrane D. lysosome -> ER -> plasma membrane E. rough ER -> transport vesicles -> Golgi -> plasma membrane
E. rough ER -> transport vesicles -> Golgi -> plasma membrane
Which of the following functions is not attributed to the cytoskeleton? A. to assist with movement of cell structures within the cell B. to help maintain the characteristic shape of the cell C. to help control the position of mitochondria and other organelles within the cell D. to provide mechanical support for the cell E. to help regulate cell size
E. to help regulate cell size
True or false: Structures normally found in plant cells but not animal cells include a central vacuole, cell wall, and centrioles.
False
True or false: The smooth ER is heavily studded with ribosomes, which are used to synthesize proteins, while the rough ER contains many embedded enzymes that are used to synthesize lipids and carbohydrates.
False
What is the flagellum? Membranous or nonmembranous?
Flagellum are made of microtubules, similar to cilia but longer, and they help with the mobility of the cell.
What are gap junctions?
Gap junctions (animals) are made of proteins called connexins and their function is to open and close when needed (ex: heart valve).
What are lysosomes? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Lysosomes are "packs" of digestive enzymes and their function is to break down cell debris. Found in eukaryotic.
Describe the size range of cells
MOST range from 1μm to 100μm. The longest cells are neurons and can reach up to 1m long and the smallest bacterial cell are 100nm (nanometers) in size.
Compare and contrast the structures and functions of microtubules, microfilaments (actin filaments) and intermediate filaments.
Microtubules are large hollows tubes used in cell movements. Microfilaments/actin are tiny twisted ropes giving cells shape and aid in muscle contraction. Intermediate filaments are medium sized tubes that anchor organelles.
What makes an organelle membranous or nonmembranous? Give an example of each type of organelle.
Non-membranous organelles are surrounded by a plasma membrane (ex: cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, cell wall, ribosomes) while a membranous organelle isn't surrounded by a plasma membrane (ex: nucleus, golgi body, er, chloroplast, vesicles, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, and peroxisomes).
Which organelles make up the endomembrane system?
Plasma membrane, nucleus, golgi apparatus, vesicles, and endoplasmic reticulum.
How do prokaryotic cells store their DNA? How does this differ from DNA storage in eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells store their DNA in the cytoplasm while eukaryotic cells store DNA in the nucleus.
Which part of a prokaryotic cell is the site of protein synthesis? A. Flagellum B. Pilus C. Capsule D. Cell Wall E. Plasma membrane F. Nucleoid G. Ribosome H. Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
What is the cell theory?
The Cell Theory is a group of ideas that are generally agreed upon by scientists about the properties of cells.
Describe the three major points of the cell theory
The cell theory tells us that 1) Every living organism consist of 1 or more cells 2) Cells are the smallest unit of life that are individually alive. They are the functional and structural units of living things 3) All living things come from the division of preexisting cells
What is the cell wall? Membranous or nonmembranous?
The cell wall gives it shape and protects it from intruders. It's nonmembranous.
What is the cell wall? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The cell wall is a thick multi-layered structure (2nd layer) made of peptidoglycan and carbohydrates functioning as a protective barrier.
What is the chloroplast? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis. Found in eukaryotic.
What is the cytoskeleton? Membranous or nonmembranous?
The cytoskeleton is a series of protein tubes that support the cell. It's nonmembranous.
Describe the endomembrane theory. To which organelles does this theory apply? What evidence exists to validate this theory? Who is Lynn Margulis and what is her contribution to science?
The endomembrane system is a series of compartments that work together to package, label, and ship proteins and molecules. In our cells, the endomembrane system is made up of both the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
What is the extracellular matrix/ECM?
The extracellular matrix (ECM, found in animals) is filled with glycoproteins, carbohydrate/protein complex and their function is to help adhere cells together.
What is the fimbriae? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The fimbriae is the sticky extensions helping the cells adhere to surfaces found on the glycocalyx. Found in prokaryotic cells.
What is the food vacuole? Contractile vacuole? Central vacuole?
The food vacuole store particles. The contractile vacuole is found in freshwater protists and their function is to pump excess water out of cells. The central vacuole is found in many mature plant cells and their function is to hold organic compounds and H2O.
What is the glycocalyx? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The glycocalyx (1st layer) is the outer coating that includes a protective capsule/slime layer. Found in prokaryotic cells.
What is the golgi body? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The golgi body looks like a stack of flat pancakes and their function is to modify, concentrate, and package proteins made in the ER. Found in eukaryotic.
What is the mitochondrion/mitochondria? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The mitochondrion/mitochondria is the powerplant of the cell. Found in eukaryotic.
What is the nuclear envelope? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The nuclear envelope is a double membrane covered with large proteins filled with pores and functions as a barrier, controlling what goes in and out of the cell. Found in eukaryotic.
What is the nucleoid? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The nucleoid is found in the cytoplasm and it stores the bacterial chromosomes, the DNA of a prokaryotic cell. Found in prokaryotic cells.
What is the nucleolus? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The nucleolus function is where ribosomes begin construction. Found in eukaryotic.
What is the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer and helps with the movement of water in and out of the cell. The nucleus is made of protons plus neutrons and functions as the control center of the cell and holds the DNA.
What is the plasma membrane? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The plasma membrane is the 3rd layer of the cell and it's made of phospholipids. Found in prokaryotic cells.
What is the plasmid? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The plasmid is smaller pieces of DNA that can be found in the surrounding area. Found in prokaryotic cells.
What is the plasmodesmata?
The plasmodesmata (found in plants) function is to connect neighboring cells.
What are ribosomes? Free ribosomes? Membrane-bound ribosomes?Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The ribosomes are made of RNA plus protein substances and they function as the protein-making factories. Free ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm and their function is that they produce proteins used inside the cell itself. Membrane-bound ribosomes are found in the rough er and their function is that they produce proteins that are transported from the cell to be used elsewhere. These are all found in eukaryotic cells.
What is the rough er? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The rough er function is to make integral proteins and some lipids, they're different from the smooth er in that they are studded with ribosomes. Found in eukaryotic.
What is the smooth er? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The smooth er functions are breaking down lipids for energy, breaking glycogen into glucose, making cholesterol/hormones/lipids, detoxify drugs, and store calcium. These are different than the rough er because they don't have ribosomes. These are found in eukaryotic cells.
Compare and contrast the two major categories of cells.
The two main groups are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells store their DNA in the cytoplasm, they don't have membrane bound organelles, and they're found in the archaea and bacteria domain. Eukaryotic cells store their DNA in the nucleus, they have membrane bound organelles, and they're found in the eukarya domain.
What are the vesicles? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
The vesicles are "bubbles" of plasma membrane and their function is to package different chemicals and send them to the right location. Found in eukaryotic.
Describe how the organelles of the endomembrane system work together in an assembly-line fashion to produce products for the cell. For instance, describe how this system might produce the protein insulin to be exported from the cell.
They are membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.
Are cell walls air and water tight, or are they permeable? Why?
They are permeable so that things can move in and out.
Compare and contrast animal and plant cells.
They both contain mitochondria, a golgi apparatus, round and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. They differ in that plant cells HAVE a cell wall, a central vacuole, chloroplasts, and the flagella can be found only in gametes. Animal cells have no cell wall, a small or no vacuole, no chloroplasts, or a flagella.
What are tight junctions?
Tight junctions (animals) are found in the cell membranes of adjacent cells and they function as a leak proof tissue.
True or false: The hereditary information of prokaryotes is encoded in one circular molecule of DNA located in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid, while eukaryotes have several linear chromosomes located inside a membrane-bound nucleus.
True
True or false: Although most cells are small, some are quite large and have overcome the problems of large size by using one or more adaptive mechanisms.
True
True or false: Animal cells, which lack a cell wall, are surrounded by an extracellular matrix composed of various glycoproteins that give the cells support, strength, and resilience.
True
True or false: Both mitochondria and chloroplasts rely on their own DNA for some functions and on the nuclear DNA for other functions.
True
True or false: In eukaryotes, the cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia, and flagella all contain microtubules.
True
What happens to the surface area of a cell when it increases in size? What happens to the volume? What happens to the surface/ volume ratio?
When a cell increases the surface area and volume increase, but volume increases faster than the surface area. The surface/volume ratio will decrease.