Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders

A family member brings the client to the clinic for a follow-up visit after a stroke. The family member asks the nurse what he can do to decrease his chance of having another stroke. What would be the nurse's best answer?

"Stop smoking as soon as possible." Smoking is a modifiable and highly significant risk factor for stroke. The significance of smoking, and the potential benefits of quitting, exceed the roles of sodium, diet, and regular medical assessments. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2035

A client recently experienced a stroke with accompanying left-sided paralysis. His family voices concerns about how to best interact with him. They report the client doesn't seem aware of their presence when they approach him on his left side. What advice should the nurse give the family?

"The client is unaware of his left side. You should approach him on the right side." The client is experiencing unilateral neglect and is unaware of his left side. The nurse should advise the family to approach him on his unaffected (right) side. Approaching the client on the affected side would be counterproductive. It's too premature to make the determination whether this condition will be permanent. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2043

A client with hypercholesterolemia is receiving Lipitor (atorvastatin) to prevent high cholesterol and stroke. The order is for Lipitor 40 mg PO daily. The medication is supplied in 80 mg tabs. How many tabs will the nurse administer to the client? Enter the correct number ONLY.

0.5 40 mg/80 mg = 0.5 tabs.

The nurse knows that symptoms associated with a TIA, usually a precursor of a future stroke, usually subside in what period of time?

1 hour A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a neurologic deficit typically lasting less than 1 hour. A TIA is manifested by a sudden loss of motor, sensory, or visual function. The symptoms result from temporary ischemia (impairment of blood flow) to a specific region of the brain; however, when brain imaging is performed, there is no evidence of ischemia. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2035

A patient is in the acute phase of an ischemic stroke. How long does the nurse know that this phase may last?

1 to 3 days The acute phase of an ischemic stroke may last 1 to 3 days, but ongoing monitoring of all body systems is essential as long as the patient requires care. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2040

Which insult or abnormality can cause an ischemic stroke?

Cocaine use Cocaine is a potent vasoconstrictor and may result in a life-threatening reaction, even with the individual's first use of the drug. Arteriovenous malformations, trauma, and intracerebral aneurysm rupture are associated with hemorrhagic stroke. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032

After the patient has received tPA, the nurse knows to check vital signs every 30 minutes for 6 hours. Which of the following readings would require calling the provider?

Diastolic pressure of 110 mm Hg A diastolic pressure reading of over 105 mm Hg warrants notifying the health care provider. The other choices are within normal range. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2037

The nurse is caring for a client with aphasia. Which strategy will the nurse use to facilitate communication with the client?

Establishing eye contact The following strategies should be used by the nurse to encourage communication with a client with aphasia: face the client and establish eye contact, speak in your usual manner and tone, use short phrases, and pause between phrases to allow the client time to understand what is being said; limit conversation to practical and concrete matters; use gestures, pictures, objects, and writing; and as the client uses and handles an object, say what the object is. It helps to match the words with the object or action. Be consistent in using the same words and gestures each time you give instructions or ask a question, and keep extraneous noises and sounds to a minimum. Too much background noise can distract the client or make it difficult to sort out the message being spoken. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032-2034

A stroke victim is experiencing memory loss and impaired learning capacity. The nurse knows that brain damage has most likely occurred in which lobe?

Frontal If damage has occurred to the frontal lobe, learning capacity, memory, or other higher cortical intellectual functions may be impaired. Such dysfunction may be reflected in a limited attention span, difficulties in comprehension, forgetfulness, and a lack of motivation. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032-2033

An emergency department nurse is interviewing a client who is presenting with signs of an ischemic stroke that began 2 hours ago. The client reports a history of a cholecystectomy 6 weeks ago and is taking digoxin, warfarin, and labetalol. What factor poses a threat to the client for thrombolytic therapy?

International normalized ratio greater than 2 The client is at risk for further bleeding if the international normalized ratio is greater than 2. Thrombolytic therapy must be initiated within 3 hours in clients with ischemic stroke. The client is not eligible for thrombolytic therapy if she has had surgery within 14 days. Digoxin and labetalol do not prohibit thrombolytic therapy. Kluwer, 2022, Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders.

A nurse is working with a student nurse who is caring for a client with an acute bleeding cerebral aneurysm. Which action by the student nurse requires further intervention?

Keeping the client in one position to decrease bleeding The student nurse shouldn't keep the client in one position. She should carefully reposition the client often (at least every hour). The client needs to be positioned so that a patent airway can be maintained. Fluid administration must be closely monitored to prevent complications such as increased intracranial pressure. The client must be maintained in a quiet environment to decrease the risk of rebleeding. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2050

A family member comes to the clinic to talk to the nurse about a client who has had a stroke on the right side of the brain. The family member is concerned because of the deficits the client is exhibiting. The nurse knows that when a client experiences a stroke on the right side of the brain, common deficits include what? Select all that apply.

Left-sided hemiplegia Tendency to distractibility Neglect of objects and people on the left side Left-sided hemiplegia (stroke on right side of brain) may have the following neurologic deficits: spatial-perceptual defects; disregard for the deficits of the affected side require special safety considerations; tendency to distractibility; impulsive behavior, unaware of deficits; poor judgment; defects in left visual fields; misjudge distances; difficulty distinguishing upside-down and right-side up; impairment of short-term memory; and neglect left side of body, objects and people on left side. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2034

The nurse is assessing a 78-year-old female client admitted with a stroke of recent onset, within 2 hours of admission. Vital signs: blood pressure, 150/90 mm Hg; pulse, 112 beats/min; respirations, 20 breaths/min; temperature, 100.4°F (38°C); pulse oximetry, 96% on room air. An audible murmur is heard upon auscultation. The client is awake but somewhat lethargic and cannot respond to questions. The client is exhibiting neurologic deficits and impaired mobility of the left side of the body. The client is being evaluated for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) therapy. Drag the assessment paramenters that indicate whether the t-PA can be used to the box on the right.

NIHSS scale result of 17 CT confirmation of ischemic stroke Blood pressure reading

A client is admitted for evaluation of cerebral aneurysm. Which assessment finding is of greatest importance in prioritizing nursing care to this client?

Nausea Nausea needs to be controlled to prevent vomiting, which can greatly increase the intracranial pressure and subsequently rupture the aneurysm. Report of headache for past month is significant to the evaluation at hand but should be addressed after the nausea has been controlled. Having no bowel movement since yesterday is not significant; although, every effort should be made to prevent constipation. Frequent voiding is expected especially with the use of osmotic diuretics. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2048

A transcranial Doppler ultrasonography detects cerebral vasospasms in a client experiencing lethargy 8 days following a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The nurse anticipates which therapeutic intervention?

Nimodipine PO Medication may be effective in the treatment of vasospasm. Based on one theory, that vasospasm is caused by an increased influx of calcium into the cell, medication therapy may be used to block or antagonize this action and prevent or reverse the action of vasospasm if already present. The most frequently used calcium channel blocker is nimodipine. The other interventions and medications are not used to treat vasospasms. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2048

The nurse is caring for a client following an aneurysm coiling procedure. The nurse documents that the client is experiencing Korsakoff syndrome. Which set of symptoms characterizes Korsakoff syndrome?

Psychosis, disorientation, delirium, insomnia, and hallucinations Advances in technology have led to the introduction of interventional neuroradiology for the treatment of aneurysms. Endovascular techniques may be used in selected clients to occlude the blood flow from the artery that feeds the aneurysm with coils or other techniques to occlude the aneurysm itself. Postoperative complications are rare but can occur. Potential complications include psychological symptoms such as disorientation, amnesia, and Korsakoff syndrome (disorder characterized by psychosis, disorientation, delirium, insomnia, hallucinations, and personality changes). Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease results in severe dementia and myoclonus. The three cardinal signs of Parkinson disease are tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Huntington disease results in progressive involuntary choreiform (dancelike) movements and dementia. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2048-2051

The nurse is caring for a patient having a hemorrhagic stroke. What position in the bed will the nurse maintain this patient?

Semi-Fowler's The head of the bed is elevated 15 to 30 degrees (semi-Fowler's position) to promote venous drainage and decrease intracranial pressure. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2052

When should the nurse plan the rehabilitation of a patient who is having an ischemic stroke?

The day the patient has the stroke Although rehabilitation begins on the day the patient has the stroke, the process is intensified during convalescence and requires a coordinated team effort. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2041

A client diagnosed with a stroke is ordered to receive warfarin. Later, the nurse learns that the warfarin is contraindicated and the order is canceled. The nurse knows that the best alternative medication to give is

aspirin. If warfarin is contraindicated, aspirin is the best option, although other medications may be used if both are contraindicated. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032-2036

A client reports light-headedness, speech disturbance, and left-sided weakness that have lasted for several hours. In the examination, an abnormal sound is auscultated in an artery leading to the brain. What is the term for the auscultated discovery?

bruit A neurologic examination during an attack reveals neurologic deficits. Auscultation of the artery may reveal a bruit (abnormal sound caused by blood flowing over a rough surface within one or both carotid arteries). The term for the auscultated discovery is "bruit."

When communicating with a client who has sensory (receptive) aphasia, the nurse should:

use short, simple sentences. Although sensory aphasia allows the client to hear words, it impairs the ability to comprehend their meaning. The nurse should use short, simple sentences to promote comprehension. Allowing time for the client to respond might be helpful but is less important than simplifying the communication. Because the client's hearing isn't affected, speaking loudly isn't necessary. A writing pad is helpful for clients with expressive, not receptive, aphasia. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2034

During a class on stroke, a junior nursing student asks what the clinical manifestations of stroke are. What would be the instructor's best answer?

"Clinical manifestations of a stroke depend on the area of the cortex, the affected hemisphere, the degree of blockage, and the availability of collateral circulation." Clinical manifestations following a stroke are highly variable and depend on the area of the cerebral cortex and the affected hemisphere, the degree of blockage (total, partial), and the presence or absence of adequate collateral circulation. (Collateral circulation is circulation formed by smaller blood vessels branching off from or near larger occluded vessels.) Clinical manifestations of a stroke do not depend on the cardiovascular health of the client or how quickly the clot can be dissolved. Clinical manifestations of a stroke are not "general" but individual. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2033

A nurse is instructing the spouse of a client who suffered a stroke about the use of eating devices the client will be using. During the teaching, the spouse starts to cry and states, "One minute he is laughing, and the next he's crying; I just don't understand what's wrong with him." Which statement is the best response by the nurse?

"Emotional lability is common after a stroke, and it usually improves with time." This is the most therapeutic and informative response. Often, most relatives of clients with stroke handle the physical changes better than the emotional aspects of care. The family should be prepared to expect occasional episodes of emotional lability. The client may laugh or cry easily and may be irritable and demanding or depressed and confused. The nurse can explain to the family that the client's laughter does not necessarily connote happiness, nor does crying reflect sadness, and that emotional lability usually improves with time. The remaining responses are nontherapeutic and do not address the spouse's concerns. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2045

A client is prescribed sumatriptan for the treatment of migraine headache. Which client statement would indicate a need for additional teaching from the nurse?

"I use this to prevent migraines." Sumatriptan is a serotonin receptor agonist that stimulates serotonin receptors in the brain and causes vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries and reduce/eliminate headaches and other symptoms associated with migraines. Sumatriptan is used during an attack and is not indicated for preventative migraine therapy.

A patient is admitted via ambulance to the emergency room of a stroke center at 1:30 p.m. with symptoms that the patient said began at 1:00 p.m. Within 1 hour, an ischemic stroke had been confirmed and the doctor ordered tPA. The nurse knows to give this drug no later than what time?

4:00 p.m. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) must be given within 3 hours after symptom onset. Therefore, since symptom onset was 1:00 pm, the window of opportunity ends at 4:00 pm. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032

Which term refers to the failure to recognize familiar objects perceived by the senses?

Agnosia Auditory agnosia is failure to recognize significance of sounds. Agraphia refers to disturbances in writing intelligible words. Apraxia refers to an inability to perform previously learned purposeful motor acts on a voluntary basis. Perseveration is the continued and automatic repetition of an activity, word, or phrase that is no longer appropriate. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032-2033

Which term refers to the inability to perform previously learned purposeful motor acts on a voluntary basis?

Apraxia Verbal apraxia refers to difficulty forming and organizing intelligible words although the musculature is intact. Agnosia is a failure to recognize familiar objects perceived by the senses. Agraphia refers to disturbances in writing intelligible words. Perseveration is the continued and automatic repetition of an activity or word or phrase that is no longer appropriate. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032-2033

A nurse is caring for a client who has returned to his room after a carotid endarterectomy. Which action should the nurse take first?

Ask the client if he has trouble breathing. The nurse should first assess the client's breathing. A complication of a carotid endarterectomy is an incisional hematoma, which could compress the trachea causing breathing difficulty for the client. Although the other measures are important actions, they aren't the nurse's top priority. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2040

Which interventions would be recommended for a client with dysphagia? Select all that apply.

Assist the client with meals. Test the gag reflex before offering food or fluids. Allow ample time to eat. Interventions for dysphagia include placing food on the unaffected side of the mouth, allowing ample time to eat, assisting the client with meals, and testing the client's gag reflex before offering food or fluids. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2034

Which of the following, if left untreated, can lead to an ischemic stroke?

Atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation is the most frequently diagnosed arrhythmia in the United States. If left untreated, it can lead to an ischemic stroke. Cerebral hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformation, and cerebral hemorrhage can lead to a hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral aneurysm, arteriovenous malformations, and ruptured cerebral arteries can lead to hemorrhagic stroke. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032

A client has experienced an ischemic stroke that has damaged the temporal (lateral and superior portions) lobe. Which of the following deficits would the nurse expect during assessment of this client?

Auditory agnosia Damage to the occipital lobe can result in visual agnosia, whereas damage to the temporal lobe can cause auditory agnosia. If damage has occurred to the frontal lobe, learning capacity, memory, or other higher cortical intellectual functions may be impaired. Such dysfunction may be reflected in a limited attention span, difficulties in comprehension, forgetfulness, and lack of motivation. Damage to motor neurons may cause hemiparesis, hemiplegia, and a change in reflexes. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2033

A client's spouse relates how the client reported a severe headache and then was unable to talk or move their right arm and leg. After diagnostics are completed and the client is admitted to the hospital, when would basic rehabilitation begin?

Beginning basic rehabilitation during the acute phase is an important nursing function. Measures such as position changes and prevention of skin breakdown and contractures are essential aspects of care during the early phase of rehabilitation. The nursing goal is to prevent complications that may interfere with the client's potential to recover function.

A client is following up after a visit to the emergency department where testing indicated that the client had suffered a transient ischemic attack. What lifestyle changes would the nurse include in teaching to prevent further reoccurrence? Select all that apply.

Blood pressure control Weight loss Smoking cessation Primary prevention of ischemic stroke remains the best approach. A healthy lifestyle including not smoking, engaging in physical activity (at least 40 minutes a day, 3 to 4 days a week), maintaining a healthy weight, and following a healthy diet (including modest alcohol consumption) can reduce the risk of having a stroke. Specific diets that have decreased risk of stroke include the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet (high in fruits and vegetables, moderate in low-fat dairy products, and low in animal protein), the Mediterranean diet (supplemented with nuts), and overall diets that are rich in fruits and vegetables. Research findings suggest that low-dose aspirin may lower the risk of a first stroke for those who are at risk. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2035

The provider diagnoses the patient as having had an ischemic stroke. The etiology of an ischemic stroke would include which of the following?

Cardiogenic emboli Aneurysms, hemorrhages, and malformations are all examples of a hemorrhagic stroke. An embolism can block blood flow, leading to ischemia. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032

A 76-year-old client is brought to the clinic by his daughter. The daughter states that her father has had two transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in the past week. The physician orders carotid angiography, and the report reveals that the carotid artery has been narrowed by atherosclerotic plaques. What treatment option does the nurse expect the physician to offer this client to increase blood flow to the brain?

Carotid endarterectomy If narrowing of the carotid artery by atherosclerotic plaques is the cause of the TIAs, a carotid endarterectomy (surgical removal of atherosclerotic plaque) is a treatment option. A balloon angioplasty, a procedure similar to a percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty, is performed to dilate the carotid artery and increase blood flow to the brain. Options A, B, and C are not surgical options to increase blood flow through the carotid artery to the brain. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2039

A patient presents to the emergency room with complaints of having an "exploding headache" for the last 2 hours. The patient is immediately seen by a triage nurse who suspects the patient is experiencing a stroke. Which of the following is a possible cause based on the characteristic symptom?

Cerebral aneurysm A cerebral aneurysm is a type of hemorrhagic stroke that is characterized by an exploding headache. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032

A client undergoes cerebral angiography for evaluation of a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Which findings indicate spasm or occlusion of a cerebral vessel by a clot?

Hemiplegia, seizures, and decreased level of consciousness Spasm or occlusion of a cerebral vessel by a clot causes signs and symptoms similar to those of a stroke: hemiplegia, seizures, decreased level of consciousness, aphasia, hemiparesis, and increased focal symptoms. Nausea, vomiting, and profuse sweating suggest a delayed reaction to the contrast medium used in cerebral angiography. Difficulty breathing or swallowing may signal a hematoma in the neck. Tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension suggest internal hemorrhage. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2052

Which disturbance results in loss of half of the visual field?

Homonymous hemianopsia Homonymous hemianopsia (loss of half of the visual field) may occur from stroke and may be temporary or permanent. Double vision is documented as diplopia. Nystagmus is ocular bobbing and may be seen in multiple sclerosis. Anisocoria is unequal pupils. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2033

The nurse practitioner advises a patient who is at high risk for a stroke to be vigilant in his medication regimen, to maintain a healthy weight, and to adopt a reasonable exercise program. This advice is based on research data that shows the most important risk factor for stroke is:

Hypertension Hypertension is the most modifiable risk factor for either ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Unfortunately, it remains under-recognized and undertreated in most communities. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2035

A nurse is providing education to a community group about ischemic strokes. One group member asks if there are ways to reduce the risk for stroke. Which of the following is a risk factor that can be modified?

Hypertension Modifiable risk factors for ischemic stroke include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, asymptomatic carotid stenosis, obesity, and excessive alcohol consumption. Non-modifiable risk factors include advanced age, gender, and race. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2035

A diagnostic test has determined that the appropriate diet for the client with a left cerebrovascular accident (CVA) should include thickened liquids. Which of the following is the priority nursing diagnosis for this client?

Impaired Swallowing Impaired Swallowing was evident on the video fluoroscopy. Aspiration, Malnutrition, and Decreased Fluid Volume Risk can occur but are not the primary diagnosis at this point in time. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2041

A client is receiving an IV infusion of mannitol (Osmitrol) after undergoing intracranial surgery to remove a brain tumor. To confirm that this drug is producing its therapeutic effect, the nurse should consider which finding most significant?

Increased urine output The therapeutic effect of mannitol is diuresis, which is confirmed by an increased urine output. A decreased LOC and elevated blood pressure may indicate lack of therapeutic effectiveness. A decreased heart rate doesn't indicate that mannitol is effective. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2037

A nurse is planning discharge for a client who experienced right-sided weakness caused by a stroke. During his hospitalization, the client has been receiving physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy daily. The family voices concern about rehabilitation after discharge. How should the nurse intervene?

Inform the case manager of the family's concern and provide information about the client's current clinical status so appropriate resources can be provided after discharge. As the coordinator of care, the nurse must assess the client's needs and initiate referrals for the appropriate health team members to coordinate services needed after discharge. The nurse isn't responsible for contacting agencies to provide care after discharge. Simply providing information about the family's concerns doesn't ensure that services will be arranged for the client after discharge. Alerting the physician is helpful; however, that step doesn't ensure that the necessary services will be provided after discharge. Doing nothing is irresponsible. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2046

A client has experienced an ischemic stroke that has damaged the lower motor neurons of the brain. Which of the following deficits would the nurse expect during assessment?

Lack of deep tendon reflexes Damage to the occipital lobe can result in visual agnosia, whereas damage to the temporal lobe can cause auditory agnosia. If damage has occurred to the frontal lobe, learning capacity, memory, or other higher cortical intellectual functions may be impaired. Such dysfunction may be reflected in a limited attention span, difficulties in comprehension, forgetfulness, and lack of motivation. Damage to the lower motor neurons may cause decreased muscle tone, flaccid muscle paralysis, and a decrease in or loss of reflexes.

What clinical manifestations does the nurse recognize when a patient has had a right hemispheric stroke?

Left visual field deficit A left visual field deficit is a common clinical manifestation of a right hemispheric stroke. Aphasia, slow, cautious behavior, and altered intellectual ability are all clinical manifestations of a left hemispheric stroke. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2035

A client has experienced an ischemic stroke that has damaged the frontal lobe of his brain. Which of the following deficits does the nurse expect to observe during assessment?

Limited attention span and forgetfulness Damage to the frontal lobe may impair learning capacity, memory, or other higher cortical intellectual functions. Such dysfunction may be reflected in a limited attention span, difficulties in comprehension, forgetfulness, and a lack of motivation. Damage to the motor neurons may cause hemiparesis, hemiplegia, and a change in reflexes. Damage to the occipital lobe can result in visual agnosia, whereas damage to the temporal lobe can cause auditory agnosia. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2033

A patient who has suffered a stroke begins having complications regarding spasticity in the lower extremity. What ordered medication does the nurse administer to help alleviate this problem?

Lioresal (Baclofen) Spasticity, particularly in the hand, can be a disabling complication after stroke. Botulinum toxin type A injected intramuscularly into wrist and finger muscles has been shown to be effective in reducing this spasticity (although the effect is temporary, typically lasting 2 to 4 months) (Teasell, Foley, Pereira, et al., 2012). Other treatments for spasticity may include stretching, splinting, and oral medications such as baclofen (Lioresal).

A female client who reports recurring headaches, accompanied by increased irritability, photophobia, and fatigue is asked to track the headache symptoms and occurrence on a calendar log. Which is the best nursing rationale for this action?

Migraines often coincide with menstrual cycle. Changes in reproductive hormones as found during menstrual cycle can be a trigger for migraine headaches and may assist in the management of the symptoms. Cluster headaches can cause severe pain but are not the reason for tracking. Tension headaches can be managed but is not associated with a monthly calendar. Headaches are common but not the reason for tracking. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular

A nurse is teaching about ischemic stroke prevention to a community group and emphasizes that control of hypertension, which is the major risk factor for stroke, is key to prevention. Ways to control hypertension include the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. This diet includes which of the following?

Moderate amounts of low-fat dairy products The DASH diet is high in fruits and vegetables, moderate in low-fat dairy products, and low in animal protein. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2035

Which of the following is the initial diagnostic in suspected stroke?

Noncontrast computed tomography (CT) An initial head CT scan will determine whether or not the patient is experiencing a hemorrhagic stroke. An ischemic infarction will not be readily visible on initial CT scan if it is performed within the first few hours after symptoms onset; however, evidence of bleeding will almost always be visible. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2035

A client with a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is having difficulty with eating food on the plate. Which is the best priority nursing action to be taken?

Perform a vision field assessment. The nurse should perform a vision field assessment to evaluate the client for hemianopia. This finding could indicate damage to the visual area of the brain as a result of evolving CVA. Repositioning the tray and assisting with feeding would not be the best nursing action until new finding has been evaluated. Hemianopia can be associated with a CVA but, when presenting as a new finding, should be evaluated and reported immediately. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032

The nurse is completing an assessment on a client with a history of migraines. The nurse would identify which of the following factors as a possible trigger for a migraine headache? Select all that apply.

Red wine Menstruation Exposure to flashing light Research on the cause of migraines is ongoing; however, changes in reproductive hormones (menstruation), exposure to flashing light, and particular food/beverages and alcohol can be a trigger for some clients. Nausea is a symptom of a migraine. Exposure to changes in environmental temperature does not trigger a migraine headache. Prolonged positioning can cause muscle fatigue and strain that trigger tension headaches.

The geriatric advanced practice nurse (APN) is doing client teaching with a client who has had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and the client's family. One concern the APN addresses is a potential for falls related to the CVA and resulting muscle weakness. What would be most important for the APN to include in teaching related to this concern?

Remove throw rugs and electrical cords from home environment. Client and family teaching is essential and focuses on the following points: Remove throw rugs, clutter, and electrical cords from the client's home environment to reduce the potential for falls. Although the other interventions may be appropriate, they are not as directly related to reducing fall risk.

A client on your unit is scheduled to have intracranial surgery in the morning. Which nursing intervention helps to avoid intraoperative complications, reduce cerebral edema, and prevent postoperative vomiting?

Restrict fluids before surgery. Before surgery, the nurse should restrict fluids to avoid intraoperative complications, reduce cerebral edema, and prevent postoperative vomiting. The nurse administers prescribed medications such as an anticonvulsant phenytoin, like Dilantin, to reduce the risk of seizures before and after surgery, an osmotic diuretic, and corticosteroids. Preoperative sedation is omitted.

While providing information to a community group, the nurse tells them the primary initial symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke are:

Severe headache and early change in level of consciousness The main presenting symptoms for ischemic stroke are numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body, confusion or change in mental status, and trouble speaking or understanding speech. Severe headache, vomiting, early change in level of consciousness, and seizures are early signs of a hemorrhagic stroke. Foot drop and external hip rotation can occur if a stroke victim is not turned or positioned correctly. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032

The nurse has just received report on a client in the ED being transferred to the acute stroke unit with a diagnosis of a right hemispheric stroke. Which findings does the nurse understand is indicative of a right hemispheric stroke?

Spatial-perceptual deficits Clients with right hemispheric stroke exhibit partial perceptual deficits, left visual field deficit, and paralysis with weakness on the left side of the body. Left hemispheric damage causes aphasia, slow, cautious behavior, and altered intellectual ability. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032-2035

What nursing intervention is appropriate for a client with receptive aphasia?

Speak slowly and clearly. Nursing management of the client with receptive aphasia includes speaking slowing and clearly to assist the client in forming the sounds. Nursing management of the client with expressive aphasia includes encouraging the client to repeat sounds of the alphabet or to explore the client's ability to write. Nursing management of the client with cognitive deficits, such as memory loss, includes frequently reorienting the client to time, place, and situation. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032-2034

A client who's paralyzed on the left side has been receiving physical therapy and attending teaching sessions about safety. Which behavior indicates that the client accurately understands safety measures related to paralysis?

The client uses a mirror to inspect the skin. The client demonstrates understanding of safety measures related to paralysis when he uses a mirror to inspect his skin. The mirror enables the client to inspect all areas of the skin for signs of breakdown without the help of staff or family members. The client should keep the side rails up to help with repositioning and to prevent falls. The paralyzed client should take responsibility for repositioning or for reminding the staff to assist with it, if needed. A client with left-side paralysis may not realize that the left arm is hanging over the side of the wheelchair. However, the nurse should call this position to the client's attention because the arm can get caught in the wheel spokes or develop impaired circulation from being in a dependent position for too long.

When developing a care plan for a client who has recently suffered a stroke, a nurse includes the nursing diagnosis Risk for imbalanced body temperature. What is the rationale for this diagnosis?

The stroke may have impacted the body's thermoregulation centers. The body's thermoregulation centers are located in the hypothalamus. A stroke may impair their functioning. A decreased body temperature isn't necessarily an indication to cover the client. Although an elevated temperature may indicate cerebellum malfunction or infection, these factors aren't the focus of the risk described in the nursing diagnosis.

A client is hospitalized when presenting to the emergency department with right-sided weakness. Within 6 hours of being admitted, the neurologic deficits had resolved and the client was back to his presymptomatic state. The nurse caring for the client knows that the probable cause of the neurologic deficit was what?

Transient ischemic attack A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a sudden, brief attack of neurologic impairment caused by a temporary interruption in cerebral blood flow. Symptoms may disappear within 1 hour; some continue for as long as 1 day. When the symptoms terminate, the client resumes his or her presymptomatic state. The symptoms do not describe a left- or right-sided stroke or a cerebral aneurysm. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2035

Which of the following is the chief cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)?

Uncontrolled hypertension Primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) from a spontaneous rupture of small arteries or arterioles accounts for approximately 80% of hemorrhagic strokes and is caused chiefly by uncontrolled hypertension. Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and migraine headaches are not a chief cause of ICH.

The nurse is providing information about strokes to a community group. Which of the following would the nurse identify as the primary initial symptoms of an ischemic stroke?

Weakness on one side of the body and difficulty with speech The main presenting symptoms for an ischemic stroke are numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body; confusion or change in mental status; and trouble speaking or understanding speech. Severe headache, vomiting, early change in level of consciousness, and seizures are early signs of a hemorrhagic stroke. Foot drop and external hip rotation are things that can occur if a stroke victim is not turned or positioned correctly. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2032

A 64-year-old client reports symptoms consistent with a transient ischemic attack (TIA) to the health care provider in the emergency department. Which is the origin of the client's symptoms?

impaired cerebral circulation TIAs involve the same mechanism as in the ischemic cascade, but symptoms are transient (< 24 hours) and there is no evidence of cerebral tissue infarction. The ischemic cascade begins when cerebral blood flow decreases to less than 25 mL/100 g/min and neurons are no longer able to maintain aerobic respiration. Thus, a TIA results directly from impaired blood circulation in the brain. Atherosclerosis, cardiac disease, hypertension, or diabetes can be risk factors for a TIA but do not cause it. Chapter 62: Management of Patients with Cerebrovascular Disorders - Page 2033