Chapter. 7 , 8, 9

steamed

Foods should be cooked in as little water as possible or, preferably, ____.

osmosis

Force that moves water molecules from an area of greater concentration of water molecules to an area of lesser concentration of water molecules; provides even distribution of fluids in the body

Why is fortification of foods necessary?

Fortification began as a way to address nutrient deficiencies.

body lubricant

joints (synovial Fluid) body movement

obligatory water loss

leaves through the kidneys, skin, lungs and feces

How much water is recommended for an adult?

1500-2000 ml/day

How much water a day do infants need?

700-800 ml/day

weight-bearing exercise

A lack of ___-____ ____ reduces the amount of calcium absorbed.

Bioavailability

A measure of the extent to which a nutrient becomes available to the body after ingestion and thus is available to the tissues

How do Antioxidants generally Function?

Antioxidants work by stabilizing free radicals, in donating an electron to the free radical the free radical becomes much more stable thus non-reactive, and cannot further cause oxidative damage to the cells or essential compounds.

What balances in body fluids is necessary for life?

Balances between cation and anion concentrations

organ meats and shellfish

Best food sources of copper include ___ ___ and ___.

Water distrubution

Body water ranges from 45% to 75% of total body weight

30

Bone mass is acquired until one is approximately ___ years old.

rickets

Calcium deficiency may result in ____. It causes bowed legs, "pigeon chest", and enlarged wrists or ankles.

oxalic acid

Calcium is also found in some dark green leafy vegetables. However, when the vegetable contains ____ ____, as spinach and Swiss chard do, the calcium remains unavailable because the ___ ____ binds it and prevents it from being absorbed.

glucose

Chromium deficiency appears to be related to disturbances in ___ metabolism.

Wilson's

Excess copper can be highly toxic and can cause ____'s disease.

phosphorus deficiency

Excessive use of antacids can cause ____ ____ and bone demineralization, fatigue, and anorexia.

What are the symptoms of dehydration?

Headache Thirst Dry Mouth Dizziness Decreased urine output

dehydration

Hyperkalemia can be caused by ___, renal failure, or excessive potassium intake.

How Does Thiamin generally Function?

In the above diagram the general function(s) of thiamin are shown.

Water Soluble VItamins

Include the B vitamins and vitamin C. Where the B vitamins are directly involved in the synthesis of ATP from fat, Carbohydrates and protein, (Co-enzymes in the production of Acetyl-CoA), and vitamin C is needed to synthesize connective tissue and protect from oxidative damage or free radicals. Supplies of water soluble vitamins are depleted easily since they are not stored to a great extent, therefore daily intake is essential, yet a large does of these vitamins can be very toxic.

Who is more at risk for dehydration?

Infants and the elderly

tetany

Insufficient calcium in the blood can cause a condition characterized by involuntary muscle movement, known as ____.

enriched foods

Iron, together with the B vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folate, are commonly added to white flour and cereals, which are then labeled ____ ____.

hard and soft

Magnesium is vital to both ___ and ____ body tissues.

What is Oxidative damage and what are free Radicals?

Oxidative damage is caused when reactive oxygen molecules "steal" electrons from other compounds, especially DNA molecules, causing changes in structure and function of the compound. Free radicals are one highly reactive atom or molecule that causes oxidative damage.

bones

Phosphorus is stored in ____, and its absorption is increased in the presence of vitamin D.

What are the body water requirements?

Surrounding temperature metabolic needs activity level functional losses age

How are Vitamins absorbed?

The following diagram demonstrates the absorption of vitamins by the body.

calcium and phosphorus

The human body contains more ______ and ____than any other mineral.

Thiamin

Thiamin, the first of the B vitamins discovered, referred to as vitamin B1. A deficiency in thiamin results in a disease known as Beriberi. This disease came into light in the 19th century colonial Asia. Thiamin was found to be abundant in the bran of brown rice and other whole grains, pork, legumes, and seeds. An inadequacy of thiamin causes complications in the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Since thiamin is involved in the synthesis of Acetyl-CoA, which is also necessary in both cellular respiration and the production of ATP and the synthesis of the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine. Another, milder, form of deficiency in thiamin known as Wernicke-Kosakoff syndrome occurs in alchoholics. Alcoholics are particularly vulnerable because thiamin absorption is decreased due to the effect of alcohol on the gastrointestinal tract. People with this syndrome experience mental confusion, psychosis, memory disturbances and eventually coma. There is no UL for thiamin, since no toxicity has been reported for above daily intake.

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that are soluble in fat and are stored in the liver when not in use by the body, including vitamins A,D,E, and K.

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

What four elements make up 96% of human body weight?

toxicity

When concentrated forms of minerals are taken on a regular basis, over a period of time, they become more than the body can handle, and _____ develops.

Zinc

___ deficiency can cause dwarfism and poor wound healing.

99%, 1%

___% of the body's calcium is found in the skeleton and teeth. The remaining ___% is found in the blood.

Iodine

____ is a component of the thyroid hormones and is necessary for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland which determines the rate of metabolism.

hemochromatosis

____ is a condition due to the inborn error of metabolism and causes excessive absorption of iron.

Chromium

____ is associated with glucose and lipid metabolism.

Zinc

____ is essential for growth and wound healing.

potassium

____ is necessary for transmission of nerve impulses and for muscle contractions.

trace minerals

____ minerals are needed in amounts smaller than 100 mg a day.

phosphorus

____, is necessary for the formation of strong rigid bones and teeth.

OJ or Vitamin C

_____ enhances absorption of iron.

major minerals

_____ minerals are required in amounts greater than 100 mg a day.

magnesium

_____ plays a role in the blood-clotting process.

Provitamin

a compound that can be converted into an active form of a vitamin in the body.

Anti-oxidants

a few vitamins function as antioxidants. A substance that is able to neutralize reactive oxygen molecules and thereby prevent cell damage through donating an electron to free radicals. Some antioxidant are made in the body, but others such as Vitamin C, E, and the mineral selenium are consumed in the diet.

Vasopressin

a water conserving in mechanism causing nephrons to reabsorb; created in pituitary gland

Biotin

a water-soluble vitamin that also functions as a co-enzyme for the production of energy and glucose synthesis. It is also important in the metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids. Good sources of Biotin include cooked eggs, liver, yogurt and nuts. Bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract also synthesized biotin, which the body absorbed and helps meet biotin needs. An AI of 30 micrograms/ day has been established for adults. Although a deficiency is uncommon, it has been observed in people with malabsorption and malnutrition. Eating raw eggs also causes a deficiency in biotin, because raw eggs contains a protein called avidin which tightly binds biotin therefore limited or no absorption would occur. When the eggs are cooked the protein avidin would denature and release biotin. Deficiencies in biotin cause thinning of the hair, loss of hair color, a red skin rash, depression, lethargy, hallucinations, and tingling of the extremities. There is no UL for biotin.

Riboflavin

a water-soluble vitamin that has a visible indication of excess amount in the fluorescent yellow urine, but it is not harmful and there is no UL for riboflavin from either diet or supplements. It forms two important Co-enzymes that act as electron carriers and function in the production of ATP from fat, carbohydrates and proteins. It is also involved in the direct or indirect conversion of several vitamins into their active form, such as niacin, folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin K. A deficiency in Riboflavin occurs in conjunction with other B vitamins because the same foods are also sources of those vitamins and because riboflavin is needed to convert other vitamins to their active forms, therefore it reflects a deficiency in these other nutrients.

Niacin

a water-soluble vitamin which forms Co-enzymes that are electron carriers which function in glucose metabolism and in reactions that synthesize fatty-acids and cholesterol. In the 1900s the south flourished in a disease known as pallagra, a deficiency in niacin, mainly because the diet was based on corn, which was a poor source of tryptophan, the niacin found in corn was bound to other molecules therefore little absorption of niacin ocurred. Deficiencies in Niacin cause complications and major changes throughout the body. It causes a disease known as Pallagra. Pallagra causes dermatitis, diarrhea, dimentia, and if left untreated results in death. Meats and grains are a great source of niacin. Although the essential amino acid, tryptophan, synthesizes the vitamin niacin it only synthesizes niacin when enough niacin is present in the body to meet the needs of protein synthesis. When the diet is low in tryptophan it is not used to synthesize niacin. There is no evidence of the toxicity of excess niacin found naturally in the diet, but in supplements it can be very toxic causing flushing of the skin, a tingling sensation in the hand and feet, a red skin rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, high levels of blood sugar, abnormalities in liver function, and blurred vision. The UL for adults is 35mg. Doses above 50mg or above are used as a drug to treat high cholesterol levels in the blood and should only be consumed if cleared by a physician.

Pantothenic Acid

a water-soluble vitamin which gets its name from the Greek word "Pantothen" meaning from every where, is widely distributed in foods. It is abundant in meats, eggs, whole grains and legumes and in lesser amounts in milk, vegetables, and fruits. In addition to being "from everywhere", Pantothenic acid is need everywhere in the body. It is part of a Co-enzyme A(CoA), which is needed for the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, fatty acids, and amino acids as well as the modification of proteins and the synthesis of neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin. Pantothenic acid is also needed to form a molecule that is essential for the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. Deficiency is very rare, the AI is 5mg/day for adults and is non-toxic in excesive amounts, has no UL.

Vitamin B6

a water-soluble vitamin which is particularly important for amino acid and protein metabolism. Needed to synthesize essential amino acids, make neurotransmitters, synthesize hemoglobin, convert tryptophan into niacin, and break down glycogen to release glucose into the blood. Three forms of vitamin B6; pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine, all can be converted into an active form of a co-enzyme pyridoxal phosphate, which is needed for more than 100 enzymes involved in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Deficiency leads to poor growth, skin lesions, decreased immune function, anemia and neurological symptoms. Because vitamin B6 is essential in the metabolism of amino acids, an onset of a deficiency is hastened by a diet low in vitamin B6 and high in protein. Many of the symptoms can be linked to the chemical reactions that depend on this vitamin enzyme. Meats and fish are excellent sources of vitamin B6, legumes, and whole grains are excellent plant source of vitamin B6. An excessive amount of B6 in the diet has no adverse effects, from supplements on the other hand could cause severe nerve impairment. In prevention of nerve damage the UL is set to 100mg/day for both diet and supplement.

Transport

acts as a circulator of many nutrients to cells for utilization

Coenzyme

each vitamin has one or more important functions including functioning as a Co-enzyme. Co-enzymes are organic non-proteins that bind to enzymes to promote their activity.

Why might a low-fat diet affect the bioavailability of fat-soluble vitamins?

fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with fats, thus a diet low in fat impairs the absorption of these specific vitamins.

Body form and structure

fills in the spaces within the body tissues provides body structure

diffusion

force in which particles in water moves from an area of greater concentration of particles to an area of lesser concentration of particles

filtration

force of water through the pores of membranes when pressure on both sides of membrane is different

Solvent

hydrolysis; chemical activity which allows water to break apart substances for use in the body

ADH mechanism

made in hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland it tells your kidneys how much water to conserve

body temperature

maintenance of body temperature sweat, evaporation cooling

Water intoxication

over consumption of water

Aldosterone system

produced by adrenal gland; works on nephrons to cause reabsorption of sodium

Water

provides the basic liquid solvent for all chemical reactions within the body; most vital nutrient to human existence

Homeostasis

the body's state of dynamic balance; the capacity which is built into the human body to maintain its life systems

dehydration

the excessice loss of total body water

How can vitamins be lost in foods?

the vitamins in foods can be damaged by exposure to heat, light, oxygen, and preparation such as water soluble vitamins that wash away in water.

intercellular

total body water inside the cell

extracellular

total body water outside the cell

optional water loss

varies due to climate/ physical activity

Water Soluble Vitamins

vitamins, specifically vitamin C or one of the B complex vitamins, that dissolves in water, and is not stored in the body