Chapter 7 Anatomy and Physiology

calcium phosphate

osseous tissue matix is composed of

organic

An osteoblast is an example of an ______ component of bone.

long

Based on their shape, the most common type of bone is the _____ bone.

chondroblasts; chondrocytes

Hyaline cartilage consists of specialized cells called __________ that produce a matrix surrounding themselves. When matrix surrounds these cells, they become __________ that are trapped in lacunae.

external circumferential lamellae

If you look at the cross section of a long bone under a microscope, the rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum of the bone are called

zone of proliferating cartilage

In the epiphyseal plate, the microscopic zone in which chondrocytes undergo rapid cell division and become aligned into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae is called the

increases; decreases

Mechanical stress applied to bone __________ osteoblast activity in bone tissue, and the removal of mechanical stress __________ osteoblast activity.

Both calcium and phosphate

Mineralization is a process that extracts ____________ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone.

calcium; phosphate

Most of the body's reserves of _____ and _____ are stored and released by bone.

1. Physically active people with good nutrition will begin to lose bone mass at age - 35. 2. Chemical analysis of bone composition from someone with osteoporosis compared with that of normal bone would reveal - no difference because the problem with osteoporosis is one of bone quantity, not its chemical makeup. 3. Does Mrs. JG's presenting complaint of loss of height seem reasonable? - Yes, this is not an uncommon complaint and is due to compression of the vertebrae of the spine.

Osteoporosis

growth hormone; somatomedin

The anterior pituitary gland secretes ____________, which stimulates the formation of _______________.

diaphysis; epiphysis

The shaft of a long bone is called the __________, while the expanded, knobby region at each end is called the __________.

central canals

______________ is(are) found in compact bone, but not spongy bone.

deposition of external circumferential lamellae

appositional growth requires

hyaline cartilage

articular cartilage, found on the ends of long bones, consists of

50 years old

at which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high calcium diet is eaten?

false

bone building cells beneath the endosteum lay down bone to form ridges around a blood vessel.

osteocytes

bone cells that become surrounded by bone matrix and are located in cavities called lacunae are

sodium ion regulation in the body

bone remodeling is important for all of the following reasons except

osteoblasts

bone-forming cells that produce collagen and proteoglycans and release matrix vesicles are

osteoblasts

bone-producing cells are

protein synthesis by osteoblasts is reduced.

bones are more brittle as we age because

a different rates

bones in the legs, arms, spine, and pelvis grow

Iamellae

compact bone contains concentric, interstitial, and circumferential

lamellar bone

during intramembranous ossification, what replaces woven bone?

osteoblasts

during the hearing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by

serves as a precursor for the formation of long bones in the body.

hyaline cartilage

radius of forearm

in an adult, red bone marrow is found in all of the following bones except the

1. Parathyroid hormone 2. Calcitonin

indicate if the listed hormone increases or decreases blood calcium levels.

vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol)

lack of sunlight will directly affect the formation of

Match the components of the epiphyseal plate with the correct description.This is the area nearest to the epiphysis that contains randomly arranged chondrocytes. - Zone of resting cartilage This is the area where chondrocytes produce new cartilage, divide, and form columns resembling stacks of coins. - Zone of proliferating cartilage This is the area where chondrocytes mature and enlarge. - Zone of hypertrophic cartilage This is the very thin zone that contains hypertrophied chondrocytes and calcified cartilage matrix. - Zone of calcified cartilage This is the area where calcified cartilage is replaced by bone. - Zone of ossification

match the components of the epiphyseal plate with the correct description.

false

once a tunnel of bone is formed around a blood vessel, the bone building cells of the periosteum lay down bone in concentric circles that fill in the tunnel.

osteon

the combination of all of the concentric rings of bone built around a single blood vessel is called a(n)

central canal

the cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon is the

medullary cavity

the cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the

epiphysis

the secondary ossification center in a long bone is located in the

1. The genetic influence on the development of osteoporosis is related to - individual variability in our capacity to absorb calcium from our food. 2. Osteoporosis can be cured by - there is no cure for osteoporosis, but the progress can be slowed by having had a good diet and plenty of exercise while young.

treating osteoporosis

trabecular bone

trusses and arches that help form an internal scaffolding network are found in

calcium

which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bone?

swimming

which of the following is not considered a weight-bearing activity?

elastic cartilage

which of the following would not be considered part of the skeletal system?