Chapter 7 & 8 Study Guide

14. Which indicator signals that a child is ready to begin toilet training? a. A child stays dry for 2 hours at a time during the day. b. A child who is not yet 1 year old. c. A child who shows no distress at having a soiled diaper. d. A child who does not want to wear underwear.

A. A child stays dry for 2 hours at a time during the day.

42. Five preschool children decided to help each other build a fort with the items that were available to them. Each child took it upon her- or himself to find objects in the classroom that could be assembled to build a fort. This is an example of __________. a. associative play b. parallel play c. functional play d. onlooker play

A. Associative Play

49. The __________ parenting style includes parental warmth, proactive teaching, calm discussion during disciplinary episodes, and interest and involvement in children's activities. a. authoritarian b. supportive c. involved d. permissive

A. Authoritarian

47. Gustavo, age 5, and his younger sister Alejandra were playing in the living room when Alejandra grabbed at the toy that Benjamin had. He lashed out and punched Alejandra in the arm, making her cry. Their mother immediately took Gustavo aside and, rather than punishing him, explained how his behavior made his sister cry, and that he needed to share his toys. This is an example of what type of parenting style? a. authoritative b. permissive c. authoritarian d. uninvolved

A. Authoritative Parents

10. During the preschool years, which part of the brain, responsible for balance and movement, shows considerable growth? a. cerebellum b. cerebral cortex c. corpus callosum d. hippocampus

A. Cerebellum

8. The right hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in which of the following areas? a. comprehension of spatial relationships b. reading c. thinking and reasoning d. language production

A. Comprehension of Spatial Relationships

43. Three preschool children are working to complete puzzles, and they all take turns fitting in the pieces. This is an example of __________. a. cooperative play b. associative play c. parallel play d. functional play

A. Cooperative Play

23. In the later years of the preoperational stage, children show an understanding that certain things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size, and appearance. This is called __________. a. identity b. functionality c. intuitive thought d. summarization

A. Identity

27. When , age 4, is allowed to decide what to wear from several choices her mother presents to her, she is likely to develop __________. a. initiative b. low self-esteem c. self-awareness d. an individualistic orientation

A. Initiative

26. According to Erikson, children between the ages of 3 to 6 years experience a conflict between their independence of action and the results of that action. Erikson called this the __________. a. initiative-versus-guilt stage b. autonomy-versus-shame stage c. individualistic orientation d. collectivistic orientation

A. Initiative-Versus-Guilt Stage

5. Which of the following is a likely source for exposure to lead poisoning? a. painted walls and window seals in older homes b. high frequency radio antennas c. seawater d. farm products such fruits, vegetables, and milk

A. Painted walls and window seals in older homes

46. Billy, age 5, does not have a regular bedtime, is permitted to neglect personal hygiene, and doesn't usually participate in any simple chores, such as picking up the toys in his room. It would appear that Billy parents' style of parenting is __________. a. permissive b. authoritarian c. involved d. authoritative

A. Permissive

31. Which term describes the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people? a. race dissonance b. ethnic preference c. race identity d. cultural identity

A. Race Dissonance

38. Which activity is the best example of functional play? a. skipping or jumping b. playing checkers c. counting items such as cookies to see how many there are d. using Lego to build objects

A. Skipping and Jumping

11. Which game would a child age 4 likely have enough fine motor skills to play? a. throwing a ball b. tossing a ring around a peg c. competing in bike races d. potato sack racing

A. Throwing a Ball

48. Dorie lives in a household where her parents are gone most of the time. Even when they are home, Dorie goes to school wearing dirty clothes and having had no breakfast. What type of parents is Dorie likely to have? a. uninvolved b. permissive c. authoritarian d. authoritative

A. Uninvolved

15. After a child is toilet trained during the day, it can take __________ or __________ before children achieve elimination control at night. a. weeks; months b. months; years c. days; weeks d. hours; days

B. Months; Years

17. According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development occurs between approximately ages 2 to 7 years, in which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases? a. concrete operational b. preoperational c. abstract connectionist d. symbolic functioning

B. Pre-operational Stage

1. By age 2, the average child in the United States weighs around __________ pounds and is close to __________ tall. a. 50 to 60; 43 inches b. 25 to 30; 36 inches c. 40 to 65; 50 inches d. 25 to 50; 38 inches

B. 25-30; 36 Inches

45. Meredith's 5-year-old friends at the playground run from the rides to the slides, but Meredith's mother told her she had to stay on the swings and not move to another place. When Meredith complained that the other children were allowed to play where they wanted, Meredith's mother told her to stay on the swings "because I said so!" This is an example of __________. a. involved parenting b. authoritarian parenting c. permissive parenting d. authoritative parenting

B. Authoritarian Parents

12. Which gross motor skill would a child, age 5 possess? a. very high vertical jump b. climbing a ladder c. tossing a ring around a hoop 15 feet away d. manipulating a pencil

B. Climbing a ladder.

19. Morris, age 4, is having lunch with his mother and sister. When his mother pours the milk that is left in the carton into the children's glasses, she finds that there is not enough to fill both glasses, so she carefully pours half of the milk in the shorter, fatter glass in front of Morris and half into a slender, taller glass in front of Morris's sister. Immediately, Morris complains that his sister got more milk than he did, and even when his mother tries to explain that they both got the same amount, Morris insists he is right. In this example, Morris is demonstrating a lack of development in the area of __________. a. egocentrism b. conservation c. concrete operational thought d. post-abstract thought

B. Conservation

21. On Christmas morning, Hugo, age 3, opens one of his gifts from his mother and finds a new sweater. Disappointed that it is not a toy, Hugo frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his mother with no regard for her feelings. Hugo is demonstrating __________. a. centration b. egocentric thought c. conservation d. intuitive thought

B. Egocentric thought

9. Which area of the brain associated with memory is completely myelinated in the preschool years? a. corpus callosum b. hippocampus c. cerebral cortex d. cerebellum

B. Hippocampus

32. What is a sex-related biological characteristic that affects gender-based behaviors? a. height b. hormones c. brain size d. birth weight

B. Hormones

22. When Amanda was age 4, her preschool class had a group discussion focusing on airplanes. After that, Amanda considered herself an expert on airplanes and believed she knew everything there was to know about the subject, even though she was unable to provide a reasonable explanation about why she thought she knew so much. Amanda is demonstrating __________. a. actuation b. intuitive thought c. egocentric thought d. centration

B. Intuitive Thought

6. What does the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services consider to be the most severe health hazard to children under the age of 6? a. obesity b. lead poisoning c. accidents d. parental neglect

B. Lead Poisoning

25. According to Vygotsky, if a child receives assistance, she or he may improve substantially more than another child who does not receive help. The assistance or structuring provided by others is what Vygotsky called __________. a. successive approximations b. scaffolding c. scripting d. mentoring

B. Scaffolding

29. Which term describes a person's beliefs about what one is like as an individual? a. individualistic orientation b. self-concept c. idiosyncratic development d. ego

B. Self Concept

34. The __________ perspective proposes that children acquire gender-related behaviors and expectations by observing others and how they are rewarded for acting in gender-appropriate ways. a. psychoanalytic b. social learning c. conflict resolution d. individualistic

B. Social Learning

3. What is considered the greatest risk to the health and well-being of a preschool-age child? a. illness b. nutritional problems c. accidents d. neglect

C. Accidents

33. Research indicates that when girls are exposed to unusually high levels of __________ prenatally, they are more likely to display stereotypical male behaviors. a. cholesterol b. estrogen c. androgens d. toxins

C. Androgens

16. Which fine motor skill would a child, age 3, be able to perform? a. drawing a person that looks like a person b. folding paper into triangular designs c. fitting shaped blocks into matching shaped holes d. throwing a ball to a friend so a friend can catch it

C. Fitting Shaped Blocks into Matching Shaped Holes

37. Which term describes play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of children, age 3? a. constructive play b. simple play c. functional play d. associative play

C. Functional Play

41. Which term describes activities in which children simply watch others at play, but do not participate in the play themselves? a. associative play b. parallel play c. onlooker play d. functional play

C. Onlooker Play

7. The left hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in which of the following areas? a. spatial relationships b. music c. reading d. gross motor skills

C. Reading

28. Wendell, age 5, is new to his kindergarten classroom. His teacher asks him what he is good at and what he likes. Wendell responds, "I can run fast" and "I like to eat pizza." Wendell's responses illustrate his __________. a. individualistic orientation b. autonomy c. self-concept d. level of intrapsychic development

C. Self-Concept.

44. Children with autism find it especially difficult to relate to others, in part because they find it difficult to __________. a. listen to others b. pay attention c. understand what others are thinking d. use visualization

C. Understand what others are thinking

24. According to Vygotsky, what is the level at which a child cannot fully perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent? a. post-formal reasoning b. script enactment c. zone of proximal development d. scaffold construction

C. Zone of Proximal Development

4. Which term summarizes the actions of a caregiver placing covers over electrical outlets, using child car seats, and preventing long-term hazards such as lead poisoning? a. quality child care b. parenting c. childproofing d. supervision

Childproofing

18. Madelaine is working to teach her 4-year-old daughter Eliza how to count. She places ten pennies in one row with very little space between the pennies, and eight pennies in another row with more space between the pennies. Then Madelaine asks Eliza which row has more pennies. Eliza chooses the second row, even though she knows that ten is more than eight. What is Eliza's response an example of? a. symbolic functioning b. concrete operations c. formal operational functioning d. centration

D. Centration

39. Which term describes play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something? a. functional play b. parallel play c. cooperative play d. constructive play

D. Constructive Play

35. Which term describes a person's perception of the self as female or male? a. sexual identity b. individualistic orientation c. gender schema d. gender identity

D. Gender Identity

30. A(n) __________ emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual a. psychosocial roadblock b. cultural delay c. collectivistic orientation d. individualistic orientation

D. Individualistic Orientation

50. Which does the text cite as the most frequent form of child abuse? a. sexual abuse b. psychological maltreatment c. physical abuse d. neglect

D. Neglect

2. Which term describes body weight that is more than 20 percent higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height? a. overweight b. underweight c. malnutrition d. obesity

D. Obesity

40. Which type of play involves activities in which children play with similar toys in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other? a. associative play b. functional play c. onlooker play d. parallel play

D. Parallel Play

13. Which developmental researcher advocated a flexible approach to toilet training, suggesting that it be put off until the child shows signs of readiness? a. Eleanor Emmons Maccoby b. Mary Salter Ainsworth c. R. C. French d. T. Berry Brazelton

D. T. Berry Brazelton

20. If a child age 4 1/2 is asked to draw a person who is first standing upright and then has fallen down, the child is likely to draw the figure in the vertical position, and then the figure lying in the horizontal position with no other intermediate pictures to demonstrate the person falling. This child would be showing a lack of understanding __________. a. egocentric thought b. intuitive thought c. conservation d. transformation

D. Transformation

36. __________ children believe they are trapped in the body of the other gender, and may express these feelings at a young age. a. Androgynous b. Prematurely born c. Gender schematic d. Transgender

D. Transgender