Chapter 7

What is the expected effect on memory if a police officer were to ask witnesses to a car accident, "how fast were they driving before the ['crash'] vs. ['contact']?"

"Crash" would produce estimates of higher speeds than "contact"

The text described three methods that one can use to help encode new information. It listed the three methods in terms of which were better or worse at helping encode information. List those three methods from best to worst in terms of helping encode information into long-term memory.

1) semantic encoding 2)phonological encoding 3) repetition

How common was it that people produced a false memory in the "lost-at-the-mall study"?

30% of participants

What is chunking?

A method of compounding information into an item for Short-term memory

According to the text, there are a few challenges when it comes to studying sensory store memories. Which of the following is one of these challenges?

All of the above are challenges with studying the sensory store.

How does the pleading effect alter jury-trials?

All of the above are true

Which of the following is true regarding memories?

All of the above are true

Which of the following is not a useful feature of schemas?

All of the above are useful features of schemas

How likely were people to produce false memories in the misinformation effect studies?

Almost 50% of the time

Semantic encoding

Associates new and old concepts together

What is the method of loci for memory?

Associating items with familiar places

Why is it virtually impossible to study "Forgetfulness" in long-term memory?

Because lab studies fail to distinguish memory retrieval problems from forgetting

One way to "get around" the limit to working memory's max capacity is to group similar ideas together into a single "unit". This method is known as __________.

Chunking

Removal of or damage to the hippocampus can cause problems with ________ memory.

Conscious long-term

The depth of processing model involves meaning and the level of encoding involved in memories. It posits that the _________ the connection to other information in memory, the better the _________ will be.

Deeper; encoding

Whenever Ben is feeling down he thinks about his 10th birthday when his dad bought him his first bicycle. He remembers how his dad spent all day teaching him how to ride his bike and how exciting it was.Ben's memory is of a particular memory that happened in his life. This type of memory can best be defined as

Episodic memory

Based on the research on false memories given in the text, which of the following statements is true?

False memories are quite common

In the famous case study of H.M., what evidence suggested he was able to form new memories?

He improved at complex, strategy-related puzzles

The ___________ is the brain structure most associated with taking short-term memory and encoding it into long-term memory?

Hippocampus

Which of the following type of memories is NOT a type of declarative memory?

Implicit memory

Which of the following best describes a schema?

It helps you understand the general idea or gist of an experience

Brandy uses the method of loci to improve her memory of a list of items that she wants to remember. She pictures herself putting the items from the list in very meaningful and important places. For example, she imagines storing a journal under her mattress, and she remembers the weight of the mattress, the color of the sheets, and the sound of the sheets as they brush against her skin. She also imagines herself placing her comb under a rug. When it comes time to recall these two items from her list, Brand will more easily recall the _______ because ____________.

Journal; she associated it with rich and meaningful details

I f an attorney uses vivid and emotionally evocative language while asking questions of an eyewitness, how is this most likely to affect a jury trial?

Juries are likely to form powerful memory associations at trial

If an attorney uses vivid and emotionally evocative language while asking questions of an eyewitness, how is this most likely to affect a jury trial?

Juries are likely to form powerful memory associations at trial

According to the text, false memories can be created under a variety of circumstances. For example, being interviewed about an alleged event, having a schema about an idea, or experiencing certain things can alter old memories or create new, false ones. The text even gave examples of alien abduction reports.Based on the information in the text regarding false memories and alien abductions, Which of the following people would be most likely to have a false memory about being abducted by an alien?

Linda, an astronomer who enjoys studying the possibility of life on other planets

The vast network of ideas, experiences, and facts that one can recall whenever it is needed best describes the structure of

Long-term memory

Implicit memory is best described as memories that are retained in ____-term memory that are _______ accessible to conscious, verbal descriptions.

Long; not easily accessible

Amber made flash cards to help her study for her upcoming midterm. She keeps going through the flash cards by creating stories and relating the ideas to her life and the people in it. What level of depth of processing is she producing with this method?

Maximum levels of depth

The most successful mnemonics tend to utilize ______ levels of processing.

Maximum/deep

Which of the following memories is most likely to be encoded as a flashbulb memory?

Meghan's memory of a traumatic car accident.

A student crams for a test by reading and re-reading his notes. What level of depth is he achieving for memory formation?

Minimal depth

What is the expected effect on memory if a police officer were to ask witnesses to a car accident, "how fast were they driving before the ['crash'] vs. ['contact']?"

NOT "Crash" would suppress the ability for recall relative to "contact"

Why do people forget?

NOT Forgetting is a rare artifact of ineffectual mnemonic strategies

Short-term memory can be thought of as being ________ ideas

NOT Subconscious

Which best describes the "lost-at-the-mall" study?

Participants were prompted to freely recall real memories and a false memory

To transfer information from the sensory store to short-term memory, one must _________ the information. To transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory, one must _________ the information.

Pay attention to; encode

Which of the following is true of the sensory store?

Paying attention to stimuli transfer them out of the sensory store

What is a "foil" in a typical suspect line-up

Person that looks similar to the perpetrator and is known to be innocent

What is a "foil" in a typical suspect line-up?

Person that looks similar to the perpetrator and is known to be innocent

What type of encoding uses sounds to help form memories?

Phonological encoding

Which method of suspect line-up tends to be recommended by memory researchers?

Photo serial line-up

Implicit memory is also known as _______ memory, whereas explicit memory is also known as _______ memory.

Procedural; declarative

Preset ideas about what things are and how they work is known as a ________.

Schema

The text gave an interesting experiment where students waited in an office for about ten or fifteen minutes before being moved to a different room. Once they left the original office, they were asked to list what items they remember from the office and write them down. Most of the participants in the study listed books despite the fact that no books were in the room.In this study, many participants had a _______ about what was in offices; in most offices, you are likely to find books. This explains why many students reported seeing them. Since there were no books in the office, though, we can say that their report of seeing books is a ______.

Schema; false memory

The fact that the earth is round, the sky is blue, and the grass are green are all facts. Therefore, this knowledge is best described as

Semantic memory

A very brief, sensory impression of the things that one detects in the environment is known as

Sensory store

Research suggests that witnesses will be less likely to identify a suspect in what type of lineup?

Serial

________ lineups produce fewer false alarms than ________ lineups.

Serial; parallel

A witness accidently describes a perpetrator as having black hair instead of light brown hair. How will this affect her subsequent identification of suspects in line-ups?

Somewhat, her memory will continue to include the mistaken hair color

What term or phrase refers to the level of meaning a person is able to form a connection to information during the process of encoding?

The depth of processing model

You are a psychiatrist and you meet a patient at the hospital that you work at. He tells you his name and some things about his past. You leave and come back the next day to speak with him for the second time, and he doesn't remember you. You can't figure out if he is joking with you or if he has some sort of memory condition. You consult with his previous surgeon and find that he had a portion of his brain removed to reduce the amount of seizures he was having, as he suffered from severe epilepsy. Based on the story, which brain structure was most likely removed during surgery that impacted his ability to form new long-term memories?

The hippocampus

After recall of a false memory in the "lost-at-the-mall study", how did the memories change with subsequent recall sessions?

The memories gained details and richness

When false information is provided in a way that is credible and found to bias memory recall, it is known as:

The misinformation effect

Suppose you are a police officer with an eyewitness that selects a foil from a suspect line-up. What conclusions can you make about their memory of the crime, and therefore the reliability of their testimony?

Their memory of the crime is inaccurate so their testimony is likely invalid

Explicit memories differ from implicit memories in that

They are easier to recall verbally and consciously

Historically, which of the following is typically FALSE regarding the selection of foils?

They are selected based on the witness's description of the suspect

Which of the following is NOT a likely characteristic of foils?

They are suspected of playing a role in the crime

What happens to unattended information in the sensory store?

Unattended information is completely lost and forgotten

Which of the following best describes how the semantic network is conceptualized?

an interconnected network of related concepts

The text described anterograde amnesia as a debilitating condition affecting memory; which of the following best describes anterograde amnesia?

it is the inability to form new long-term memories

In a false alarm, the witness is likely to _________.

provide evidence against an innocent person.

Experiencing intense emotions while witnessing a crime _________ the reliability of their eyewitness testimony.

usually decreases