Chapter 7: Body and Mind

*7.4 Children with Special Brains and Bodies*

*7.4 Children with Special Brains and Bodies*

*LearningCurve 7a) A Healthy Time; Cognition*

*LearningCurve 7a) A Healthy Time; Cognition*

*LearningCurve 7b) Teaching and Learning; Children with Special Brains and Bodies*

*LearningCurve 7b) Teaching and Learning; Children with Special Brains and Bodies*

Should traditional IQ tests be discarded? Why or why not?

Not necessarily A single test cannot measure every aspect of the brain.

multifinality

One cause can have many (multiple) final manifestations, a phenomenon

What are several reasons why some children are less active than they should be?

Parents tell their kids "don't leave the house". Indoor activities like homework and television take up time. Kids from low-SES families or kids with physical disabilities are less likely to join. A study in IL found that schools with the least time for play are the ones with the most low-SES kids. Requirements for recess are ignored too.

concrete operational thought

Piaget called this middle childhood, characterized by new logical abilities

aptitude

The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge

The presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time is known as: dual-disease syndrome. dyscalculia. multifinality. comorbidity.

comorbidity.

Monica's grandfather grew up many decades ago. According to the text, which is MOST likely TRUE about the dental care he received when he was a child? a) He had dental examinations is school. b) His drinking water contained fluoride. c) He developed the habit of brushing his teeth. d) He probably did not visit a dentist.

d) He probably did not visit a dentist.

An experimenter shows 7-year-old Aaron four stuffed bears and two stuffed cats. The experimenter asks, "Are there more bears or more animals?" Aaron exclaims, "Bears!" Aaron has not mastered the logical concept of: a) conservation. b) seriation. c) egocentrism. d) classification.

d) classification.

Ten-year-old Jamila has learned to speak formally with the adults in her life, and informally with her friends. She has learned the _____ of language. a) syntax b) semantics c) phonology d) pragmatics

d) pragmatics

Many children use codes in their text messages (LOL, TTYL, 411). When a girl uses such codes, it indicates that she understands: a) phonemes. b) dialect. c) mnemonics. d) pragmatics.

d) pragmatics.

Jessica is 10 years old. She can MOST likely do each of the following EXCEPT: a) perform arithmetic operations on multidigit numbers. b) understand complex punctuation. c) understand simple fractions. d) read 100 words per minute.

d) read 100 words per minute.

Ten-year-old Juan is able to listen and follow directions while ignoring any distractions in school much better than he could when he was 6 years old. Juan is demonstrating improved: a) reaction time. b) multifinality. c) automatization. d) selective attention.

d) selective attention.

Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)

designed to measure the ability to apply learning to everyday issues

dysgraphia

difficulty in handwriting

dyslexia

difficulty reading

dyscalculia

difficulty with math

A child with an unusual difficulty with reading would MOST likely be diagnosed with a specific learning disorder called _____.

dyslexia

What are dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia?

dyslexia - unusual difficulty with reading dyscalculia - unusual difficulty with math dysgraphia - difficulty in writing

One of the MOST commonly diagnosed learning disabilities in reading is: dyscalculia. oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). dyslexia. ADHD.

dyslexia.

English Language Learners (ELLs)

people whose first language is not Standard English

specific learning disorder

now includes problems in both perception and information processing that cause low achievement in reading, math, or writing (including spelling)

Leslie's disability changes year by year. This is one of the lessons of _____ psychopathology that applies to all children. a) sociocultural b) life-span development c) psychoanalysis d) developmental

d) developmental

What are the TIMSS, the PIRLS, and the PISA?

TIMSS = Trends in Math and Science Study PIRLS = Progress in International Reading Literacy Study PISA = Programme for International Student Assessment

hygiene hypothesis

"the immune system needs to tangle with microbes when we are young"

What is the difference between ADHD and typical child behavior?

"those with ADHD 'are so active and impulsive that they cannot sit still, are constantly fidgeting, talk when they should be listening, interrupt people all the time, can't stay on task, . . . accidentally injure themselves.' "

*7.1 A Healthy Time*

*7.1 A Healthy Time*

*7.2 Cognition*

*7.2 Cognition*

*7.3 Teaching and Learning*

*7.3 Teaching and Learning*

What are the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder?

- Difficultly making eye contact - failure to respond to verbal attempts to gain their attention - repetitive motions - strong preference for a familiar routine, fail to appropriately use gestures - delayed language development

What are the four principles of psychopathology?

1. Abnormality is normal 2. Disability changes year by year 3. Life may be better or worse 4. Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis reflect the social context

Hannah is teaching her young son Cade the alphabet. When Hannah points to a letter carved in relief on the side of a wooden block, Cade confidently identifies the letter correctly as a "B." Cade is MOST likely about _____ years old. a) 7 b) 3 c) 4 d) 6

4

ESL (English as a Second Language)

A U.S. approach to teaching English that gathers all the non-English speakers together and provides intense instruction in English. Their first language is never used; the goal is to prepare them for regular classes in English.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or by hyperactive or impulsive behaviors; ADHD interferes with a person's functioning or development.

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction—including difficulty seeing things from another person's point of view—and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

individual education plan (IEP)

A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs.

least restrictive environment (LRE)

A legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn.

Why would a child's linguistic code be criticized by teachers but admired by peers?

Because it could include "improper" aspects of language like tone, pronunciation, grammar, sentence length, idioms, gestures.

According to the text, all of the following are TRUE about charter schools EXCEPT that: African American males have a lower dropout rate in charter schools than public schools. they can have more control over admissions and expulsions when compared with public schools. they can be more racially segregated and have fewer children with special needs when compared with public schools. they are exempt from some regulations that apply to public schools.

African American males have a lower dropout rate in charter schools than public schools.

How might control processes help a student learn?

Control processes help a student learn because they require the brain to organize, prioritize, and direct mental operations. Two terms are often used to refer to cognitive control—metacognition (sometimes called "thinking about thinking") and metamemory (knowing about memory).

response to intervention (RTI)

An educational strategy intended to help children who demonstrate below-average achievement in early grades, using special intervention.

Why is asthma more common now than it was in 1980?

It could be genetic alleles, but some experts suggest a hygiene hypothesis.

How do charter schools, private schools, and home schools differ?

Charter - funded by states and local districts; teacher unions can negotiate hours, class size, etc; ethnically segregated; Private - privately funded; often religious Home - no social interaction unless independently decide to combine with other homeschool

How does growth during middle childhood compare with growth earlier or later?

It's slow and steady. Children grow 2 inches and 5 lbs a year.

Why is middle childhood considered a healthy time?

During middle childhood, fatal diseases and accidents are rare; nature and nurture make these the healthiest years of life. Genetic diseases are more threatening in early infancy or old age, infectious diseases are kept away via immunization, and fatal accidents—although the most common cause of child death—are relatively uncommon.

neurodiversity

Each brain functions in a particular way, a concept

What nations score highest on international tests?

East Asian nations rank near the top on the TIMSS and PIRLS. TIMSS Ranking and Average Scores of Math Achievement for Fourth-Graders, 2011 and 2015 #1 Singapore #2 Hong Kong #3 Korea #4 Chinese Taipei #5 Japan PIRLS Distribution of Reading Achievement for Fourth-Graders, 2011 and 2016 #1 Hong Kong #2 Russian Federation #3 Finland #4 Singapore #5 N. Ireland

_____ refers to a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes.

Equifinality

How do boys and girls differ in school achievement?

For the PIRLS, 4th grade girls do better in every nation by about 19 points For the TIMSS, boys are still ahead, but in some other nations, girls are ahead by 10 points in Indonesia and 20 points in Jordan.

How and why does the knowledge base increase in middle childhood?

Having an extensive knowledge base, or a broad body of knowledge in a particular subject, makes it easier to remember and understand related new information. As children gain knowledge during the school years, they become better able to judge (1) accuracy, (2) what is worth remembering, and (3) what is not important

How is it decided what curriculum children should receive?

In most nations, the central government decides. In the US, local districts fund it. 1/3 of US parents send their kids to private/charter/magnet schools. Parents choose where to send their kid

Flynn effect

Indeed, the average IQ scores of entire nations have risen substantially every decade for the past century—a phenomenon called the Flynn effect. This effect is more apparent for women than for men, and in southern Europe more than northern Europe, as educational opportunities for women and for southern Europeans improved in the twentieth century

How does information-processing theory differ from traditional theories of cognitive development?

Information-processing is that people accumulate large amounts of facts like computers

What is the difference between mainstreaming and inclusion?

Mainstreaming is putting children with special needs within a regular class. Inclusion means that children with special needs are "included" in the general classroom with aids and services

equifinality

Many causes can result in one symptom, a phenomenon

What is the difference between multifinality and equifinality?

Multifinality = one cause can have many outcomes ex. a very stressed out inflant may become hypervigilant, may be easily angered, or may not be affected Equifinality = many causes can have one sympton ex. A nonverbal child may have autism or hearing impairment, be electively mute or pathologically shy.

What did Piaget mean when he called cognition in middle childhood concrete operational thought?

Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions. He emphasized productive thinking, grounded in actual experiences.

What are the short-term and long-term effects of childhood obesity?

Short-term: Long-term: asthma, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol

According to Siegler, what is the pattern of learning math concepts?

Siegler compared acquisition of knowledge to waves on a beach. Math accrues gradually. Specifics of math is influenced by culture.

The brain's reading center

There is a language center, visual cortex, pleasure center, but there is no reading center because hunter-gatherers don't need to read. Many brain areas coordinate in order to read.

multiple intelligences

Two leading developmentalists (Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner) are among those who believe that humans have multiple intelligences, not just one. Sternberg originally described three kinds of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical (Sternberg, 2008, 2011). Children who are unusually creative, or very practical, may not be the best students in school, but they may flourish as adults

How do Vygotsky and Piaget differ in their explanation of cognitive advances in middle childhood?

Vygotsky stressed direct instruction from teachers and other mentors. Piaget stressed self-discovery while Vygotsky stressed education, formal and informal.

childhood obesity

a BMI above the 95th percentile for children of a particular age based on growth charts in 1980

knowledge base

a broad body of knowledge in a particular subject, makes it easier to remember and understand related new info

asthma

a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that makes breathing difficult

_____ is a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one cause can have many final manifestations. a) Multifinality b) Equifinality c) Comorbidity d) Multidimensionality

a) Multifinality

If Juan's parents send him to a charter school instead of a public school to enhance his learning, they may be doing it for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that the: a) charter school population is more stable. b) teachers work longer in charter schools. c) charter schools have control over admissions. d) charter school size is smaller.

a) charter school population is more stable.

The information-processing perspective compares human thinking processes to: a) computers. b) lawyers. c) animals. d) insurance companies.

a) computers.

Which group would find the classic joke "Why did the chicken cross the road?" the MOST funny? a) school-age children b) toddlers c) infants d) preschoolers

a) school-age children

The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others is called: a) selective attention. b) stimuli reduction attention. c) automatization. d) reaction time.

a) selective attention.

childhood overweight

above the 85th percentile

hidden curriculum

all of the implicit values and assumptions of schools like schedules, tracking , teacher characteristics, discipline, teaching methods, sports competitions, student government, and extracurricular activities

Piaget stressed the _____, whereas Vygotsky stressed the _____. a) apprenticeship method of learning; formal education of children b) child's own discovery of concepts; importance of children learning from others c) importance of learning from others; child's own discovery of concepts d) sociocultural context; maturational approach

b) child's own discovery of concepts; importance of children learning from others

When Piaget referred to concrete operations, he meant logic applied in situations that: a) solidify thought patterns quickly. b) deal with visible, tangible, and real things. c) involve abstract reasoning. d) demand firm, unchanging solutions.

b) deal with visible, tangible, and real things.

Roland's parents have decided to team up with other families to provide his elementary school education. This scenario describes what type of education? a) private schools b) home schooling c) public schools d) charter schools

b) home schooling

Erika is in elementary school. She is in the developmental period known as: a) late childhood. b) middle childhood. c) early childhood. d) childhood.

b) middle childhood.

Parker will never forget the moment he saw his bride walking down the church aisle ten years ago because retrieval is easier for some memories, especially memories of: a) metacognition. b) vivid and highly emotional experiences. c) control processes. d) dull, repetitive experiences.

b) vivid and highly emotional experiences.

information-processing

benefits from technology that allows much more detailed data and analysis than were possible for Piaget or Vygotsky

Marisa is 8. Based on information provided in the textbook, one can predict that she will be about _____ pound(s) heavier when she is 9. a) 2 b) 3 c) 5 d) 7

c) 5

Carter is given peas and green beans. When asked if he has more peas or vegetables, he responds, "I have more vegetables." Knowing this answer means that Carter is at least _____ years old. a) 6 b) 7 c) 8 d) 9

c) 8

Aiesha is a gifted 7-year-old girl who has "skipped" third grade so that she is educated with 9-year-olds who approximate her mental age. This example BEST illustrates: a) tracking. b) early intervention. c) acceleration. d) mainstreaming.

c) acceleration.

Takara has signed up to play volleyball. As a result, she will probably experience: a) increased stress. b) decreased injuries. c) better overall health. d) less appreciation of cooperation and fair play.

c) better overall health.

Rosita speaks Spanish and is learning to speak English. In her second-grade classroom, school subjects are taught in both English and Spanish. This method of teaching a second language is called: a) metacognitive instruction. b) immersion. c) bilingual education. d) ESL instruction.

c) bilingual education.

Children in Piaget's concrete operational stage of cognitive development: a) fail to conserve. b) have yet to attain object permanence. c) can organize objects into groups or categories. d) can think abstractly and hypothetically.

c) can organize objects into groups or categories.

Jean Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences is _____ thought. a) logical operational b) preoperational c) concrete operational d) formal operational

c) concrete operational

Jade is taking a short math quiz. By answering the easy questions first so that she can devote most of her time to the more difficult questions, Jade is displaying: a) working memory. b) sensory memory. c) metacognition. d) selective attention.

c) metacognition.

Some jokes may not be understood by younger children and are no longer found funny by teenagers. In middle childhood, however, understanding and appreciating such jokes is evidence of normally developing cognitive flexibility and social awareness. If a child does not "get" a joke, the lack of _____ understanding, even when a child has a large vocabulary, signifies cognitive problems. a) total b) overall c) metaphorical d) literal (7.2.5 Language)

c) metaphorical

During which developmental stage is the death rate the LOWEST? a) infancy b) early childhood c) middle childhood d) adolescence

c) middle childhood

When 7-year-old Debbie's mother was pregnant with Debbie, she had serious marital and financial problems. This may have led to a flood of stress hormones that affected Debbie while she was in the womb. After she was born, her mother developed an alcohol addiction and married an abusive man. Debbie has all of the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, but her physician is cautious about giving this diagnosis because of the _____ related to the cause and diagnosis. a) automatization b) equifinality c) multifinality d) comorbidity

c) multifinality

Immersion refers to: a) providing all instruction in the child's native language. b) separating ESL students from non-ESL students. c) providing all instruction in the language that the child is learning. d) teaching both parents and their school-age children a second language.

c) providing all instruction in the language that the child is learning.

An example of _____ is the ability to kick a speeding soccer ball toward a teammate or calculating when to utter a witty remark and when to stay quiet. a) deliberation period. b) automatization reaction. c) reaction time. d) emergent reaction time. (7.1.3 Brain Development)

c) reaction time.

reaction time

how long it takes to respond to a stimulus

bilingual education

instruction in 2 languages

Trends in Math & Science Study (TIMSS)

international test of math and science skills of 4th and 8th graders

comorbid

more than one problem is evident in the same person

Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)

reading test; inaugurated in 2001, a five-year cycle in reading ability of 4th graders

control processes

regulate the analysis and flow of info within the brain

classification

the organization of things into groups

Howard Gardner added two intelligences to his framework. Naturalistic intelligence involves an understanding of nature, such as in biology, zoology, or farming; _____ intelligence involves asking questions about the meaning of life and death.

spiritual and existential

Neuroscientists agree with all of the following EXCEPT: brain development continues throughout life. brain development depends on a person's specific experiences. children with disorders often have unusual brain patterns and training their brains may help. the brain is fixed and unchangeable after the age of 12.

the brain is fixed and unchangeable after the age of 12.

seriation

the knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical series

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

which is a group of tests designed to measure achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects