Chapter 7: Bone and Tissue

True or false: Compact bone comprises most of the diaphysis of a long bone.

True

What is the metaphysis of a long bone?

The transitional area between the diaphysis and epiphysis

Which osseous tissue is found at the surface of all bones?

Compact

Which osseous tissue is found on the surface of bones and composed of tightly arranged parallel osteons?

Compact

Which type of bone growth occurs within cartilage and results in bone elongation?

Interstitial

Which is a function of articular cartilage?

Allows easier joint movements

Where is red bone marrow found in the bones of a child?

Almost all bones

What are the spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone filled with?

Bone marrow

Osseous tissue is a connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up organs called

Bones

What is the deposition of calcium salts called?

Calcification

Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin

Which mineral is more closely regulated by the body?

Calcium

Which is part of the inorganic matter that makes up the matrix of bone?

Calcium phosphate salt

Which of the following describes the zone of cell hypertrophy in an epiphyseal plate?

Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of lacunae walls.

What are the two principle forms of ossification that occur in the development of the skeletal system?

Endochondral and intramembranous

The layer of connective tissue lining internal surfaces of bones is called .

Endosteum

Which layer of tissue lines the internal surfaces of a bone?

Endosteum

Where do you find osteogenic cells?

Endosteum and periosteum

In adults, what is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate called?

Epiphyseal line

Where does a long bone grow in length?

Epiphyseal plate

Secondary ossification centers usually appear where in long bones?

Epiphyses

What is the expanded end of a long bone to which tendons and ligaments attach called?

Epiphysis

Which hormone has a greater effect on bone growth?

Estrogen

What is the function of the osteogenic layer of the periosteum?

Growth and healing

Bleeding at the site of a bone fracture results in the formation of a fracture , a blood clot.

Hematoma

What is a mass of blood in the tissues called?

Hematoma

What is another name for osteitis deformans?

Paget's disease

A low blood calcium level stimulates the release of which hormone?

Parathyroid hormone

Which hormone reduces the excretion of calcium by the kidneys?

Parathyroid hormone

Which channels run perpendicular to the central canals of osteons?

Perforating canals

What are the collagen fibers that extend from the periosteum into the bone matrix called?

Perforating fibers

Cartilage is surrounded by a fibrous layer called a(n) _____ .

Perichondrium

Which of the following surrounds cartilage?

Perichondrium

The connective tissue surrounding the external surface of a bone is called the _____ .

Periosteum

In adults, which bone marrow is limited to the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and proximal heads of the humerus and femur?

Red

In which of the following does blood cell production occur?

Red bone marrow

What is the major producer of blood cells?

Red bone marrow

In order for minerals such as calcium and phosphate to be liberated from bone, which process must occur?

Resorption

What is the process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood called?

Resorption

In which childhood condition does a mineral deficiency result in soft bones?

Rickets

In the human body, where is 99% of the calcium found?

The bones

Bone tissue made up of parallel osteons that are tightly packed together is called _____ bone.

compact

By dry weight, most of the matrix of bone is made of ______ matter.

inorganic

The transitional area between the shaft and the cartilaginous head of a developing long bone is the .

metaphysis

In the human body, what percentage of calcium in the body is found in the bones?

99

Which tend to attain their full height earlier in life?

Adolescent girls

Bones that are longer than they are wide are classified as _____ bones.

long

The protein and carbohydrate portion of bone matrix forms the ______ matter.

organic

The branch of medicine dealing with bone disorders is _____ .

orthopedic

The connective tissue that makes up bone is called ______ tissue.

osseous

The process in which dense regular connective tissue hardens to form bone is called .

ossification

Osteocytes are former ______.

osteoblasts

The cells that build new bone and are located in the osteogenic layer of the periosteum are called _____.

osteoblasts

Osteoblasts secrete the hormone ______.

osteocalcin

An epiphyseal line is slightly denser ______.

spongy bone

The central space at the ends of long bones is occupied by ______.

spongy bone

What are the thin plates forming spongy bone called?

trabeculae

A calcified mass in a soft organ, such as the lungs, is called a(n) ______.

calculus

In osseous tissue, the narrow channels connecting neighboring lacunae are called .

canaliculi.

The structure found between the epiphysis and diaphysis in a child and is a site of bone growth is the ______ plate.

epiphyseal

The outer layer of periosteum is a(n) ______.

fibrous layer

Another term for a central canal is a(n) _____ canal.

haversian

The calcium-phosphate salt that mineralizes bone tissue is called ______.

hydroxyapatite

If a patient has abnormally high blood calcium levels, they are said to have a condition called

hypercalcemia

The most deadly form of bone cancer is .

Osteosarcoma

What is the most common and deadly form of bone cancer?

Osteosarcoma

Where does the calcium and phosphate used to mineralize bone come from?

The blood

Which of the following are functions of osteocytes?

-Deposit bone -Resorb bone -Strain sensors

What is the name for a channel that extends longitudinally through the center of an osteon?

-Haversian canal -Central canal

What are two terms associated with myeloid tissue?

-Hemopoietic tissue -Red bone marrow

Calcitriol acts on which organs to raise blood calcium levels?

-Kidneys -Small intestines -Bones

Which hormones affect bone growth and development?

-Parathyroid hormone -Estrogen -Testosterone -Calcitonin

Which two ions are deposited by osteoblasts into the bone matrix?

-Phosphate -Calcium

Which are functions of the skeletal system?

-Protection -Acid-base balance -Support -Blood formation

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A defect in collagen deposition that renders bones exceptionally brittle

Which of the following best describes a medullary cavity?

A hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone

Which describes the structure of a flat bone?

A layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.

What often causes the loss of bone mass seen in osteoporosis in older women?

A loss of estrogen

Which of the following describes myeloid tissue?

A site of blood cell production

During fracture healing, cartilage is deposited in granulation tissue to form which of the following?

A soft callus

Which describes osteoid?

A soft collagenous tissue similar to bone but without minerals

Which describes a nutrient foramen?

An opening into the surface of a bone which allows the passage of blood vessels into bone tissue

Within compact bone, a central canal is found at the center of which structure?

An osteon

Which type of bone growth involves the deposition of new tissue at the surface?

Appositional

Which type of bone growth occurs within mature bone and results in the bone becoming thicker?

Appositional growth

Vitamin D, also known as ______, raises the blood calcium level.

calcitriol

Which of the following best describes perforating fibers?

Collagen fibers from the periosteum that firmly adhere the periosteum to the bone

Who is likely to have a greater bone density - a construction worker or an office worker?

Construction worker

During endochondral ossification, where does the primary ossification center form?

Diaphysis

Where is the primary ossification center during endochondral ossification in a long bone?

Diaphysis

What is the term for the bone tissue located between the two layers of compact bone in the skull?

Diploe

True or false: A hard callus is composed of fibrocartilage.

False

True or false: An athlete will have a lower bone density than a couch potato.

False

True or false: Osteoclasts are not needed for bone remodeling.

False

True or false: Osteocytes and osteoclasts develop from the same type of stem cell.

False

True or false: Osteogenic cells are stem cells in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that can become chondrocytes.

False

True or false: Spongy bone is primarily made up of osteons.

False

True or false: The bone cells responsible for the formation of the organic bone matrix are called chondrocytes.

False

Bones are classified as one of four types based on their shape. The bones of the cranium are examples of _____ bones.

Flat

Thin, often curved, bones are classified as what shape?

Flat

_____ cartilage is the tissue which is replaced with bone during endochondral ossification.

Hyaline

Articular surfaces of long bones are covered with which tissue?

Hyaline cartilage

Where does bone formation occur during endochondral ossification?

Hyaline cartilage model

A 20 year old patient has suddenly broken multiple bones in just the past year, and complains of muscle weakness. Tests come back that indicate high levels of blood calcium. Of the following, which is the most likely diagnosis?

Hypersecretion of PTH

Which condition is characterized by excessive excitability of the nervous and muscular systems due to low blood calcium levels?

Hypocalcemia

Mineral deposition into bones begin when?

In fetal ossification

What does the hormone calcitonin do?

Inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts

Hydroxyapatite makes up part of which component of the bony matrix?

Inorganic

An increase in the length of a long bone occurs by the process of _____ growth.

Interstitial

Partial older osteons can be found between complete newer osteons. These partial osteons are referred to as _____ lamellae.

Interstitial

In compact bone, what are the remnants of old osteons found between complete osteons called?

Interstitial lamellae

The bones of the skull form by which type of ossification?

Intramembranous

Bones such as the vertebrae are classified as _____ bones.

Irregular

What bone shape are vertebrae classified as?

Irregular

How does calcitriol affect blood phosphate levels?

It raises them.

What is the hollow space in which an osteocyte resides called?

Lacuna

Lacunae are located between concentric rings of compact bone tissue called what?

Lamellae

What are the layers of bony matrix in compact bone tissue called?

Lamellae

What shape is the humerus?

Long

PTH is a hormone released by parathyroid glands in response to which of the following?

Low blood calcium levels

Wolff's law of bone states that the architecture of a bone is determined by which of the following?

Mechanical stress

What is the hollow space within the diaphysis of a long bone called?

Medullary cavity

The embryonic connective tissue which differentiates into all connective tissues is called _____ .

Mesenchyme

Which embryonic connective tissue gives rise to all connective tissues (including bone)?

Mesenchyme

Which of the following describes the zone of calcification in an epiphyseal plate?

Minerals are deposited between the columns of lacunae.

Which allows the passage of blood vessels into a bone?

Nutrient foramen

When surgery is needed to set a fracture, this treatment is called a(n) _____ reduction.

Open

If you were having joint problems, which medical specialist would be most likely to help you?

Orthopedist

The process of bone formation is called _____ .

Ossification

In which condition is there excessive osteoclast proliferation resulting in weak, deformed bones?

Osteitis deformans

During intramembranous ossification, bone matrix is deposited by which type of cells?

Osteoblasts

Bone dissolving cells on bone surfaces are called .

Osteoclasts

Which bone cells are responsible for bone reabsorption?

Osteoclasts

Mature bone cells found within lacunae of compact bone are called .

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells found within lacunae of compact bone are called _____

Osteocytes

What are mature bone cells found within lacunae of compact bone called?

Osteocytes

Which condition occurs because of a defect in collagen deposition that causes bones to be exceptionally brittle?

Osteogenesis imperfecta

During ossification, osteogenic cells deposit which unmineralized collagenous tissue?

Osteoid

What is the study of bone called?

Osteology

Which adult condition involves the softening of bones due to demineralization?

Osteomalacia

A degenerative bone disease characterized by a loss of bone mass and an increased risk of fracture is called _____ .

Osteoporosis

What bone shape are the carpal bones of the wrist?

Short

Which of the following describes the lacunae of osseous tissue?

Spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

_____ bone is always enclosed by more durable compact bone.

Spongy

Which of the following is a function of yellow bone marrow?

Storage of energy

Osteocytes act as _____ sensors to adjust bone shape and density to adapt to stress.

Strain

A fracture in a healthy bone caused by abnormal trauma, like a fall, is classified as a _____ fracture.

Stress

Which of the following defines ectopic ossification?

The formation of osseous tissue in areas outside of bones

Which describes a diaphysis?

The shaft of a long bone

Which of the following best describes osteomalacia?

The softening of the bones in adults due to calcium depletion

What is the purpose of the canaliculi in compact bone?

To provide a passageway between the lacunae

Which structures found in spongy bone line up along the bone's lines of stress?

Trabeculae

True or false: Most fractures are treated using closed reduction.

True

In a growth plate, which of the following describes the zone of bone deposition?

Walls between lacunae break down and chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts begin secreting bone matrix.

Trabeculae and spicules are found in _____ bone.

spongy

Fatty bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells is called _____ bone marrow.

Yellow

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the closest to the marrow cavity?

Zone of bone deposition

In which zone of the epiphyseal plate are chondrocytes multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae?

Zone of cell proliferation

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the farthest from the marrow space?

Zone of reserve cartilage

What is the function of red bone marrow?

blood cell production

Bones such as the carpals that have the same length and width are classified as _____ bones.

bones

The layers of bony matrix arranged around the central canal of an osteon are called ______ lamellae.

concentric

In longitudinal views, osteons are ______.

cylinders

The shaft of a long bone is called the _____

diaphysis

One function of the skeleton is to store calcium and phosphate to help maintain _____ balance.

electrolyte

Central and perforating canals are lined with ______.

endosteum

The study of bone is called

osteology

The action carried out by osteoclasts is ______.

osteolysis

A fracture caused by a tumor would be classified as a _____ fracture.

pathological

Bone marrow fills the spaces between trabeculae in ______ bone tissue.

spongy

The interior of flat bones is composed of ______ bone.

spongy