Chapter 7 Bone- questions

At which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high calcium diet is eaten?

50 years old

A shorter, seventy-year-old Chinese woman comes to you with a broken hip. Which test do you order to check for osteoporosis?

A bone mineral density test

Which best describes osseous tissue?

A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone

Each of the following complications listed below is a result of a homeostatic calcium imbalance. Which would not be life threatening?

A deficit of appositional bone growth

Which of the following best describes a medullary cavity?

A hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone

Which describes the structure of a flat bone?

A layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.

You have a male patient who is about four feet tall with a normal-sized head and trunk but smaller arms and legs. You deduce that they have what condition?

Achondroplastic dwarfism

Which is a function of articular cartilage?

Allows easier joint movements

Where is red bone marrow found in the bones of a child?

Almost all bones

Which describes a nutrient foramen?

An opening into the surface of a bone which allows the passage of blood vessels into bone tissue

Which type of bone growth occurs within mature bone and results in the bone becoming thicker?

Appositional growth

which of the following describes the zone of cell hypertrophy in an epiphyseal plate?

Chondrocytes in this zone are no longer dividing, but are enlarging; there is a thinning of lacunae walls.

Which of the following best describes perforating fibers?

Collagen fibers from the periosteum that firmly adhere the periosteum to the bone

fragment of 3 or more pieces

Comminuted

During endochondral ossification, where does the primary ossification center form

Diaphysis

What are the two principle forms of ossification that occur in the development of the skeletal system?

Endochondral and intramembranous

Where do you find osteogenic cells?

Endosteum and periosteum

Which hormones affect bone growth and development?

Estrogen Testosterone Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin

What is the name for a channel that extends longitudinally through the center of an osteon?

Haversian canal Central canal

Which type of bone growth occurs within cartilage and results in bone elongation?

Interstitial

Lacunae are located between concentric rings of compact bone tissue called what?

Interstitial lamella Reason: Interstitial lamella are fragments of old haversian systems found between intact osteons.

Calcitriol acts on which organs to raise blood calcium levels?

Kidneys Small intestines Bones

The embryonic connective tissue which differentiates into all connective tissues is called

Mesenchyme

Which embryonic connective tissue gives rise to all connective tissues (including bone)?

Mesenchyme

Which of the following describes the zone of calcification in an epiphyseal plate?

Minerals are deposited between the columns of lacunae.

in which condition is there excessive osteoclast proliferation resulting in weak, deformed bones?

Osteitis deformans

What are mature bone cells found within lacunae of compact bone called?

Osteoblasts Reason: Osteoblasts are immature bone cells that form bone.

As a flat bone is produced by intramembranous ossification, which cells are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue that carves out the spongy bone's trabeculae?

Osteoclasts

What is the study of bone called?

Osteology

What is another name for osteitis deformans?

Paget disease

Which channels run perpendicular to the central canals of osteons?

Perforating canals

What are the collagen fibers that extend from the periosteum into the bone matrix called?

Perforating fibers

Which of the following surrounds cartilage?

Perichondrium

Which are functions of the skeletal system?

Protection Blood formation Acid-base balance Support

What is the process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood called?

Resorption

A concerned mother brings her young son to you for a check up. She says he stays indoors on the couch all the time, playing video games, and refuses to drink milk or eat dark green leafy vegetables. You tell her that unless he changes his behaviors, he is at risk for what skeletal disorder?

Rickets

In which childhood condition does a mineral deficiency result in soft bones?

Rickets

What is the purpose of the canaliculi in compact bone?

To provide a passageway between the lacunae

Trusses and arches, which help form an internal scaffolding network, are found in __________.

Trusses and arches, which help form an internal scaffolding network, are found in __________.

The most active form of ____________ is called calcitriol.

Vitamin D

In a growth plate, which of the following describes the zone of bone deposition

Walls between lacunae break down and chondrocytes die. Osteoblasts begin secreting bone matrix.

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the farthest from the marrow space?

Zone of reserve cartilage

During fracture healing, cartilage is deposited in granulation tissue to form which of the following?

a soft callus

Osseous tissue is a connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up organs called .

bone

What are the spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone filled with?

bone marrow

Osteoblastic activity in children is stimulated by the hormone ____________ .

calcatonin

Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels

calcintonin

Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels?

calcitonin

The hormone ____________ influences both resorption and deposition of bone.

calcitrol

Vitamin D, also known as ______, raises the blood calcium level.

calcitrol

Which mineral is more closely regulated by the body?

calcium

Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones?

calcium

Which two ions are deposited by osteoblasts into the bone matrix?

calcium and phosphate

Which is part of the inorganic matter that makes up the matrix of bone?

calcium phosphate salt

In osseous tissue, the narrow channels connecting neighboring lacunae are called

canaliculi

Bone tissue made up of parallel osteons that are tightly packed together is called_____ bone

compact

Which osseous tissue is found at the surface of all bones?

compact

Which osseous tissue is found on the surface of bones and composed of tightly arranged parallel osteons?

compact

The layers of bony matrix arranged around the central canal of an osteon are called ______ lamellae.

concentric

In longitudinal views, osteons are ______. Multiple choice question.

cylinders

The shaft of a long bone is called the

diaphysis

Vitamin D stimulates absorption of dietary calcium from the ____________ system.

digestive

What is the term for the bone tissue located between the two layers of compact bone in the skull? Multiple choice question.

diploe

Bone pieces are out of allignment

displaced

Central and perforating canals are lined with ______. .

endosteum

In adults, what is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate called?

epi line

The structure found between the epiphysis and diaphysis in a child and is a site of bone growth is the

epiphyseal plate

Where does a long bone grow in length?

epiphyseal plate

Secondary ossification centers usually appear where in long bones?

epiphyses

What is the expanded end of a long bone to which tendons and ligaments attach called?

epiphysis

Which long bone region is circled in the figure?

epiphysis

Which hormone has a greater effect on bone growth?

estrogen

True or false: The bone cells responsible for the formation of the organic bone matrix are called chondrocytes.

falsee

Bones are classified as one of four types based on their shape. The bones of the cranium are example of_____

flat

Thin, often curved, bones are classified as what shape?

flat

Fracture that is incomplete on one side

greenstick

Another term for a central canal is a(n)

haversian

Bleeding at the site of a bone fracture results in the formation of a fracture __________, a blood clot

hematoma

What is a mass of blood in the tissues called?

hematoma

________cartilage is the tissue which is replaced with bone during endochondral ossification.

hyaline

Where does bone formation occur during endochondral ossification?

hyaline cartilage model

The calcium-phosphate salt that mineralizes bone tissue is called ______.

hydroxyapatite

Which condition is characterized by excessive excitability of the nervous and muscular systems due to low blood calcium levels

hypocalcemia

Mineral deposition into bones begin when?

in fetal ossification

What does the hormone calcitonin do?

inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts

An increase in the length of a long bone occurs by the process of

interstital growth

What bone shape are vertebrae classified as?

irregular

What is the hollow space in which an osteocyte resides called? Multiple choice question.

lacuna

What are the layers of bony matrix in compact bone tissue called?

lamellae

Most long bones are found ______.

limbs

Bones that are longer than they are wide are classified as______ bones.

long

PTH is a hormone released by parathyroid glands in response to which of the following?

low blood calcium levels

What is the hollow space within the diaphysis of a long bone called?

medullar (marrow) cavity

The embryonic connective tissue which differentiates into all connective tissues is called

mesenchyme

a frcture that remains in the same place is called _____

nondisplaced

Which allows the passage of blood vessels into a bone?

nutrient formania

you were having joint problems, which medical specialist would be most likely to help you?

orthopedist

The connective tissue that makes up bone is called ______ tissue. Multiple choice question.

osseous

During intramembranous ossification, bone matrix is deposited by which type of cells?

osteoblasts

During the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by ___________.

osteoblasts

What are mature bone cells found within lacunae of compact bone called?

osteoblasts

Which bone cells produce the organic bone matrix?

osteoblasts

Osteoblasts secrete the hormone ______.

osteocalcin

During bone remodeling, the cells that remove unnecessary bone mass are called

osteoclasts

The process of bone formation is called

osteogenesis

Stem cells in developing bone that give rise to osteoblasts are called

osteogenic

Which condition occurs because of a defect in collagen deposition that causes bones to be exceptionally brittle

osteogenisis imperfecta

The action carried out by osteoclasts is ______.

osteolysis

Which adult condition involves the softening of bones due to demineralization?

osteomalcia

The basic structural unit of compact bone is the ______.

osteon

A low blood calcium level stimulates the release of which hormone?

parathryoid

When blood calcium levels drop, glands embedded in the posterior thyroid secrete ____________ hormone, which stimulates osteoclastic activity.

parathryoid

A fracture caused by a tumor would be classified as a_________ fracture

pathological

Which channels run perpendicular to the central canals of osteons?

perforating

Cartilage is surrounded by a fibrous layer called a(n)

perichondrium

What is the term for the connective tissue sheath around the external surface of a bone?

periosteum

In adults, which bone marrow is limited to the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and proximal heads of the humerus and femur?

red

What is the major producer of blood cells?

red bone marrow

What bone shape are the carpal bones of the wrist?

short

Which of the following describes the lacunae of osseous tissue?

spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

The interior of flat bones is composed of ______ bone. Multiple choice question.

spongy

An epiphyseal line is slightly denser ______..

spongy bone

The central space at the ends of long bones is occupied by ______.

spongy bone

abeculae and spicules are found in

spongy bone

Which of the following is a function of yellow bone marrow?

storage of energy

A fracture in a healthy bone caused by abnormal trauma, like a fall, is classified as a compact

stress

Which of the following is not considered a weight bearing activity?

swimming

Which of the following is not a component of the skeletal system?

tendons

Where does the calcium and phosphate used to mineralize bone come from? Multiple choice question.

the blood

What are the thin plates forming spongy bone called?

traberculae

True or false: Compact bone comprises most of the diaphysis of a long bone.

true

Bones in the legs, arms, spine and pelvis grow __________.

at different rates