Chapter 7 (Chapter 5)

The polar ocean regions have relatively a very small range of atmospheric temperatures between winter and summer because

because of the high latent heat of fusion of ice: heat is used up in summer in melting some of the ice; and heat lost during the winter converts water back to ice instead of reducing the temperature.

The sun's energy is absorbed

almost entirely in the upper few meters of the water column and then mixed through the mixed layer.

The heat capacity of water is higher than any other liquid with the exception of liquid

ammonia.

At the greatest depths, where the pressure is more than 1,000 times atmospheric pressure, the density of seawater increases by about _____ percent if temperature and salinity are not changed.

2

The density of liquid pure water reaches a maximum at about _____ degrees Celsius.

6

Refer to figure 2. This figure shows graphically certain heat properties of water. Which combination of regions on the graph shows that more heat is released when a gram of water vapor condenses in the atmosphere than it takes to heat a gram of ice initially at the freezing point to the boiling point of water?

A and B versus C

Refer to figure 2. This figure shows graphically certain heat properties of water. Which pair of regions on the graph shows that it takes less heat to raise the temperature of a gram of ice than to raise the temperature of one gram of water by the same amount?

A and C

Refer to figure 2. This figure shows graphically certain heat properties of water. The region of the graph labeled _____ shows the latent heat of fusion

B: Latent heat of fusion

The high heat capacity of water allows it to

D: A and B transport equatorial heat to high latitudes and moderate the climate of coastal regions.

Which of the following is true? Light of blue wavelengths is absorbed less effectively in clear ocean waters than light of red wavelengths. Light of blue wavelengths penetrates much deeper into the oceans in most open ocean waters than in most water in estuaries or near river mouths. Light of red wavelengths is completely absorbed within the first several meters of the ocean surface even in the clearest water. In clear ocean waters all the light of blue wavelengths is backscattered in the upper meter or so of the water but other wavelengths of light penetrate much deeper before they are absorbed. all of the above A, B, and C

D; All of the above: Light of blue wavelengths is absorbed less effectively in clear ocean waters than light of red wavelengths. Light of blue wavelengths penetrates much deeper into the oceans in most open ocean waters than in most water in estuaries or near river mouths. Light of red wavelengths is completely absorbed within the first several meters of the ocean surface even in the clearest water.

Refer to figure 2. This figure shows graphically certain heat properties of water. The region of the graph labeled ____ shows the addition of sensible heat.

E: A and C

The speed of sound in seawater

E: A, B, C, and D: is about 4 times faster than the speed of sound in air. increases at increasing temperatures. increases with increased salinity. increases with increasing pressure.

Water has many anomalous properties. If water did NOT have these anomalous properties

E: None of the Above: the temperature difference between the polar regions and the equator would be less. summers would be cooler and winters warmer in San Francisco and Los Angeles. the polar ice caps would extend to much lower latitudes than they do now..

Refer to figure 2. This figure shows graphically certain heat properties of water. The region of the graph labeled _____ shows the addition of latent heat..

F: B and D

Which of the following statements about water density is true? Seawater of salinity 35 at 4oC has, by definition, a density of exactly 1. The density of seawater changes by about 0.08% for each unit of salinity. The density of seawater changes by about 2% because of the pressure difference between the surface and the deep seafloor. Temperature variations are more important than salinity variations in determining seawater density in warm ocean waters. Salinity variations are more important than temperature variations in determining seawater density in cold ocean waters. all of the above B, C, D, and E

F: B, C, D, and E The density of seawater changes by about 0.08% for each unit of salinity. The density of seawater changes by about 2% because of the pressure difference between the surface and the deep seafloor. Temperature variations are more important than salinity variations in determining seawater density in warm ocean waters. Salinity variations are more important than temperature variations in determining seawater density in cold ocean waters.

True or False Clusters of water molecules that form at temperatures near the boiling point are arranged in the same three-dimensional structure as water molecules in ice.

False

True or False Seawater of salinity greater than 25 has a density maximum between 0oC and 4oC.

False

True or False The density of seawater of salinity less than 25 decreases as temperature decreases at all temperatures above the freezing point.

False

True or False The hydrogen bond exists between water molecules and not between the molecules of any other known substance

False

True or False The latent heat of fusion of ice is greater than the latent heat of evaporation of water.

False

True or False The latent heat of fusion of water is higher than that of any other known substance.

False

True or False The melting point temperature of a substance increases as the van der Waals forces decrease.

False

True or False When seawater freezes, a large proportion of the dissolved salts are trapped in the spaces between the water molecules in the ice crystals that are formed.

False

True or False When water is evaporated from the ocean surface and then recondensed to water, the temperature of the water that evaporates is always equal to the temperature of the water that is condensed into rain.

False

The density of seawater

G: A, B, and C increases with increasing salinity. increases as temperature decreases. increases as pressure increases.

True or False It takes more heat to evaporate a gram of water from a rain puddle than it does to produce a gram of water vapor from water that is at its boiling point.

True

True or False Light of blue wavelengths is absorbed less effectively by seawater than light of red wavelengths.

True

True or False The heat capacity of liquid water is about twice that of ice and water vapor.

True

True or False The latent heat of vaporization of water is higher than that of any other known substance.

True

True or False The movements of water masses in the oceans are caused primarily by differences in density.

True

True or False Water droplets are spherical because of the high surface tension of water.

True

True or False When ice cubes are dropped into a glass of water that has been sitting for some time in a room where the temperature is maintained just at the freezing point of water, the ice will not melt.

True

When water is evaporated from the ocean surface

a lot of heat is transported into the atmosphere, released because the latent heat of vaporization of water is very high, but the heat is not immediately released to the atmosphere.

If all of its other properties were the unchanged, except that water did not have its density minimum at 4oC and instead increased in density as temperature decreased all the way to its freezing point deep lakes would

freeze from the top first but only after much a longer period of colder weather, then freeze progressively all the way to the lake bottom.

The velocity of sound in seawater is at a minimum

in the sound channel a few hundred meters beneath the surface.

Which of the following is true? The density of seawater is: increased by increasing temperature and by increasing salinity. increased by decreasing temperature and by increasing salinity. increased by decreasing temperature and by decreasing salinity. increased by increasing temperature and by decreasing salinity.

increased by decreasing temperature and by increasing salinity.

Heat added to a substance that changes its physical state without raising its temperature is called

latent heat.

Which of the following is NOT an usual property of water?

low sound velocity

Clear water appears blue because

of backscattered light.

Water has abnormally high freezing and boiling points because

of the large amount of energy needed to break hydrogen bonds.

The fact that light can be transmitted through water is critical to life because

photosynthesis requires light.

The relatively high viscosity of water is important for many small organisms because it

prevents them from sinking below where there is sunlight in the water.

Drinks with ice cubes in them stay cold for a long time primarily because of

the high heat capacity of ice.

Temperature is generally more important than salinity in controlling density because

the range of salinities is smaller than the range of temperatures found in seawater.

Water has high heat capacity and high latent heats of evaporation and freezing. These anomalous properties are responsible for all of the following EXCEPT

they cause the temperature of ocean water to remain almost unchanged between day and night, even when the weather has warm and sunny days but cools off dramatically on cloudless nights.

Which of the following is true? In the liquid phase, all chemical compounds have the same strength of van der Waals forces between their molecules. The anomalous properties of water are caused because the strong hydrogen bond force acts in the opposite direction to that of the van der Waals force and is stronger. In the gaseous phase the van der Waals force and the hydrogen bond force are both zero because molecules never get close enough to each other for them to exist. The melting and boiling points of chemical compounds that do not have a hydrogen bond are determined by the strength of the van der Waals forces between the molecules.

The melting and boiling points of chemical compounds that do not have a hydrogen bond are determined by the strength of the van der Waals forces between the molecules.