Chapter 7: Digestive System Chapter 8: Urinary System

obesity

A condition in which body weight is increased by exceeds the range of normal or healthy, which is characterized as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25

edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues or other parts of the body that may be a sign of kidney failure

read

Asymptomatic gallstones are neither removed nor treated. If a gallstone travels and obstructs the common bile duct or the cystic duct, pain can develop in the epigastric region, right upper quadrant, or both and sometimes radiate to the upper right back area. This discomfort is generally accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Symptomatic gallstone disease is treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgery involves incisions in the abdomen so that a tiny video camera and surgical instruments can be inserted. The surgeon views the video pictures on a monitor and removes the gallbladder by manipulating the surgical instruments. The illustration that follows shows various sites of gallstones.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)

Bariatric surgery in which the stomach is first stapled to decrease it to a small pouch and then the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, reducing absorption of calories and fats

lithotripsy

Eliminating a stone within the gallbladder or urinary system by crushing it surgically or using a noninvasive method, such as ultrasonic shock waves, to shatter it

colostomy

Excision of a diseased part of the colon and relocation of the remaining end of the healthy colon through the abdominal wall to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag

polypectomy

Excision of small, tumorlike, benign growths (polyps) that project from a mucous membrane surface

nasogastric intubation

Insertion of a soft plastic nasogastric tube through the nostrils, past the pharynx, and down the esophagus into the stomach to remove substances from the stomach; deliver medication, food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis

lower GI

Lower GI endoscopies consist of endoscopy of the colon (colonoscopy), sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscopy), and rectum and anal canal (proctoscopy). Lower GI endoscopy employs the use of an endoscope inserted through the rectum. Endoscopy of the lower GI tract helps identify pathological conditions of the colon, such as colorectal cancer. In the lower GI tract, endoscopy may be combined with a polypectomy. Detection of polyps in the colon requires their retrieval and testing for cancer. The illustration that follows shows the location of a colonoscopy and a sigmoidoscopy

cholangiography

Radiographic examination of the bile ducts with a contrast medium to reveal gallstones or other obstruction in the bile ducts

barium swallow

Radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium); also called upper GI series

barium enema (BE)

Radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium) into the rectum. BE is used for diagnosis of obstructions, tumors, or other abnormalities, such as ulcerative colitis

RGB

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

stool guaiac

Test performed on feces using the reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not apparent on visual inspection; also called Hemoccult test

upper GI

Upper GI endoscopies help identify tumors, esophagitis, gastroesophageal varices (varicose veins or varicosities), peptic ulcers, and the source of upper GI bleeding. Endoscopy is also used to confirm the presence and extent of varices in the lower esophagus and stomach in patients with liver disease.

Esopagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

Visual examination of the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), and duodenum (duodenoscopy) using an endoscope; also called upper GI endoscopy

digestive tube

_____ is twisted, swollen, and shaped along its length into several distinct regions: mouth, Pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

cholelithiasis

a common condition in which there is an abnormal presence of gallstones (choleliths) or calculi (cholelithiasis) that form in the bile. Acute cholecystitis is a severe inflammation of the interior wall of the gallbladder. Most cases of acute cholecystitis are a consequence of the obstruction of bile ducts by gallstones

urologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the urinary and reproductive system of males

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

a radiographic procedure in which small-caliber catheters are passed through a cystoscope into the ureters to visualize the ureters and the renal pelvis; contrast medium is introduced through cystoscope directly into bladder and ureters to visualize urinary structures and locate tract obstruction

-iasis

abnormal condition

-osis

abnormal condition

hypospadias

abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis

fistula

abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities, such as the rectum and the vagina, or a body cavity to the skin, such as the rectum to the outside of the body, caused by an injury, infection, or inflammation

supra-

above; excessive; superior

an/o

anus

proct/o

anus and rectum

bariatric surgery

any of a group of procedures used to treat morbid obesity

append/o, appendic/o

appendix

-orexia

appetite

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

backflow (reflux) of gastric contents into the esophagus due to malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

vertical banded gastroplasty

bariatric surgery in which the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch and a band is inserted that restricts and delays food from leaving the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness

BE

barium enema; below the elbow

choledoch/o

bile duct

cholangi/o

bile vessel

chol/e

bile, gall

cyst/o, vesic/o

bladder

diuretics

block reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys, thereby increasing the amount of salt and water excreted in the urine, causes reduction of fluid retained in the body and prevents edema

hemat-

blood

-emia

blood condition

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

nephrology

branch of internal medicine

gastroenterology

branch of medicine concerned with disorders of the digestive system and its accessory organs

cystocele

bulging of the bladder into the vagina, prolapsed bladder

ulcerative colitis

chronic IBD of the colon characterized by ulcers, constant diarrhea mixed with blood, and pain

Crohn's disease

chronic IBD that may affect any portion of the intestinal tract (usually the ileum) and is distinguished from closely related bowel disorders by its inflammatory pattern, which tends to be patchy or segmented; also called regional colitis

CKD

chronic kidney disease

cirrhosis

chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice; yellow

CRF

chronic renal failure

col/o, colon/o

colon

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

common colon disorder characterized by constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating that does not cause permanent damage to the colon; also called spastic colon

-ism

condition

-us

condition, structure

the digestive system

consists of the digestive tract also called the alimentary canal or GI tract and the accessory organs of digestion

antidiarrheals

control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract

antiemetics

control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain

-tripsy

crushing

C&S

culture and sensitivity

cysto

cystoscopy

antipasmodic

decrease spasms in the urethra a bladder, caused by UTI's and catheterization, by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls allowing normal emptying of bladder

Dx

diagnosis

-pepsia

digestion

alimentary canal

digestive tract; GI tract

hydroureter

dilation of the ureter caused by obstruction, stone, calculus

-rrhea

discharge, flow

-pathy

disease

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

disorder that causes inflammation of the intestines

duoden/o

duodenum (first part of small intestine)

uremia

elevated level of urea or other protein waste products in the blood also called azotemia

ESRD

end-stage renal disease

ERCP

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

-megaly

enlargement

prostatomegaly

enlargement of the prostate gland

impotence

erectile dysfunction

EGD

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

esophag/o

esophagus

hydronephrosis

excessive accumulation of urine in the renal pelvis as a result of an obstruction of a ureter. blocked urine flows backwards, refluxes, into renal pelvis and calyces

ESWL

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

FBS

fasting blood sugar

-pexy

fixation of an organ

interstitial nephritis

form of nephritis in which pathological changes in renal interstitial tissue result in destruction of nephrons and severe impairment in renal function

diverticular disease

formation of bulging pouches (diverticula) throughout the colon but most commonly in the lower portion of the colon (includes diverticulosis, diverticular bleeding, and diverticulitis)

nephrolithiasis

formation of calculi in the kidney that results when substances that are normally dissolved in the urine such as calcium and acid salts to solidify

kidney functions

formation of urine, regulating the body tissue fluid, maintaining balance of electrolytes, and pH balance in th blood

-stomy

forming an opening (mouth); outside body

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

GI

gastrointestinal

glomerul/o

glomerulus

gingiv/o

gum (s)

borborygmus

gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine that is caused by gas moving through the intestines

strangulated hernia

hernia whose blood supply has been cut off, leading to necrosis with gangrene of the hernial sac and its contents; a condition that is life-threatening and requires immediate surgery

-cele

hernia, swelling

renal hypertension

high blood pressure that results from kidney disease

ile/o

ileum (third part of small intestine)

endo-

in, within

intra-

in, within

incontinence

inability to control bladder and/or bowels

-tomy

incision

azoturia

increase of nitrogenous substances, especially urea, in urine

diuresis

increased formation and secretion of urine; double urine condition

urinary tract infection (UTI)

infection of kidneys, ureters, or bladder by microorganisms that either ascend from the urethra or spread to kidney from bloodstream

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix, typically an acute condition caused by blockage of the appendix followed by infection that is treated with surgical removal of the inflamed appendix and antibiotic therapy

dysentery

inflammation of the large intestine, especially of the colon, caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, or parasites and characterized by diarrhea, colitis, and abdominal cramps; painful intestine condition

IBD

inflammatory bowel disease

cathererization

insertion of a catheter into the body cavity or organ to instill a substance or remove fluid, most commonly through the urethra into the bladder to the withdraw of urine

cystoscopy

insertion of a rigid or flexible cystoscope through the urethra to examine the urinary bladder, obtain biopsy specimens of tumors or other growths, and remove polyps

ureteral stent

insertion of a thin tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney

-scope

instrument for viewing

enter/o

intestines (usually the small intestine)

IVP

intravenous pyelography

peritoneal dialysis

introducing fluid into the abdomen through a catheter, dialysate, and remains in the abdominal cavity for hours where it pulls body waste from the blood into abdominal cavity then removed by catheter

enuresis

involuntary discharge of urine; also called night time bed wetting or nocturnal enuresis

IBS

irritable bowel syndrome

jejun/o

jejunum (second part of small intestine)

nephr/o, ren/o

kidney

ren-

kidney

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

kidney disease that has advanced to the point that the kidneys can no longer adequately filter the blood and, ultimately, requires dialysis or renal transplantation for survival; also called chronic renal failure (CRF)

KUB

kidney, ureter, bladder

organs of urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

laboratory test that isolates and grows colonies of microorganisms to identify a pathogen and to determine which drugs might be effective for combating an infection

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

laboratory test that measures the amount of urea (nitrogenous waste product) in the blood and demonstrates the kidneys' ability to filter urea from the blood for excretion in urine

lower GI tract

large and small intestines, rectum, and anus

hepat/o

liver

Wilms tumor

malignant neoplasms of the kidney that occurs in young children, usually before age 5, included common early signs such as hypertension, palpable mass, pain, and hematuria

poly-

many, much

hemorrhoid

mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside (internal) or just outside (external) the rectum, also called piles

-prandial

meal

dialysis

mechanical filtering process used to cleanse the blood of toxic substances, such as nitrogenous wastes, when kidneys fail to function properly

morbid obesity

more severe obesity in which a person has a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 lb or more over ideal body weight

or/o, stomat/o

mouth

upper GI tract

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach

-stenosis

narrowing, stricture

antacids

neutralize acids in the stomach

azot-

nitrogenous compounds

an-

not, without

renal scan

nuclear medicine imaging procedure that determines renal function and shape through measurement of a radioactive substance that is injected intravenously and concentrates in the kidney

urogynecologist

one who treats urinary problems involving female reproductive system

ulcer

open sore that may result from a perforation or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic (pathological death of a cell) tissue

meat/o

opening, meatus

renal transplantation

organ transplant of a kidney in a patient with end-stage renal disease; also called kidney transplantation

-algia, -dynia

pain

dysuria

painful or difficult urination often caused by cystitis

pancreat/o

pancreas

hematochezia

passage of bright red, bloody stools (usually an indication that the colon is bleeding somewhere) commonly caused by diverticulitis or hemorrhoids but may be a symptom of cancer

hemodialysis

passing the blood through an artificial kidney for filtering out impurities with a hemodialysis machine

ascites

pathological buildup of fluid in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity as a result of liver disease, cancer, heart failure, or kidney failure

-ous

pertaining to

endoscopic

pertains to the use of an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic tube with a light source and magnifying lens) to examine the interior of a hollow organ or body cavity, such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; used for various medical purposes; remove polyps in the colon and obtain tissue samples for biopsy

pharyng/o

pharynx (throat)

urinalysis (UA)

physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine

PKD

polycystic kidney disease

-ptosis

prolapse, downward displacement

hernia

protrusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

pylor/o

pylorus (sphincter in lower portion of stomach that opens into duodenum)

kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)

radiographic examination to determine the location, size, shape, and possible malformation of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

radiographic imaging in which a contrast medium is injected intravenously and serial x-ray films are taken to provide visualization of the entire urinary tract

pyelography

radiographic study of the kidney, ureters, and usually the bladder after injection of a contrast agent

voiding cystourethrography

radiography of the bladder and urethra after filling the bladder with a contrast medium and during the process of voiding urine

rect/o

rectum

laxatives

relieve constipation and facilitate passage of feces through the lower GI tract

biopsy

removal of a small portion of tissue from the body for microscopic examination

pyel/o

renal pelvis

RP

retrograde pyelogram

ptyal/o

saliva

sial/o

saliva, salivary gland

olig-

scanty

-lysis

separation; destruction; loosening

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

electrolytes

solutions that conduct electricity such as acids bases and salts (sodium and potassium)

-ist

specialist

nephrologist

specialist in the kidneys; treating chronic kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, acute renal failure, kidney stones, and high blood pressure and coordinating dialysis

pediatric urologist

specializes in diagnosing and treating urinary problems in children

gastr/o

stomach

lith-

stone, calculus

orth-

straight

Metabolism

sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism

nephrolithotomy

surgical procedure that involves a small incision in the skin and insertion of an endoscope into the kidney to remove a renal calculus

-rrhaphy

suture

-phagia

swallowing, eating

pH

symbol for degree pf acidity or alkalinity of a substance

dent/o, odont/o

teeth

defecation

the body eliminates the indigestible remains after this process of absorption. The accessory organs of digestion (liver, gallbladder, and pancreas) contribute to, but are not physically involved in, the process of digestion.

dialysis

the process of removing waste products from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so

primary function of urinary system

to remove waste products of metabolism from the blood and excreting them in the urine

gloss/o, lingu/o

tongue

TURP

transurethral resection of the prostate

antibiotics

treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes

volvulus

twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction

US

ultrasound; ultrasonography

hypo-

under, below, deficient

UGI

upper gastrointestinal

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

UA

urinalysis

UTI

urinary tract infection

-uria

urine

refluxes

urine flows backward which caused hyrdronephrosis and results in abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys

ur/o, urin/o

urine, urinary tract

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to destroy stones in the gallbladder and biliary ducts

gastroenterologist

usually an internist, specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) system, which includes its accessory organs, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. they are not a surgeon but they can preform endoscopic procedures

ven

vein

-scopy

visual examination

VCUG

voiding cystourethrogram

-emesis

vomiting

choledocholithiasis

when calculi, also called stones, are present in the common bile duct, the condition is known as ______ These stones may be formed of cholesterol or calcium-based compounds and range from a microscopic size to more than an inch.

WBC, wbc

white blood cell

jaundice

yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood; also called hyperbilirubinemia