Chapter 7 (Energy and Metabolism) and Chapter 8 (Cellular Respiration)

Chemical formula of aerobic respiration:

glucose + oxygen --> CO2 + H20 + ATP

Lower the activation energy of a biochemical reaction

Enzymes are important biological catalysts because they:

two 3-carbon

For every 6-carbon molecule of glucose, _________ molecules of pyruvate are produced

Decreases, exergonic

Free energy __________during an _________ reaction

Increases, endergonic

Free energy _________during an _________reaction

Anabolism, catabolism.

Free energy in _______ gets it from _______

Mitochondia, Acetyl Coenzyme A

If conditions are aerobic, pyruvate flows directly into the _______where some of its atoms are converted next to _______

Redox reactions

Involves the transfer of a hydrogen atom

Electron Transport System

Last step in respiration and occurs in the membrane of the mitochondrion. The most ATP is made here

Cofactors

Many enzymes require inorganic _________

NAD* becomes reduced to form

NADH

Oxidation-reduction reactions

NADH and FADH2 are the products of:

a proton and a pair of electrons

NADH is formed when NAD+ accepts:

Glycolysis

Occurs in the cytosol

Coenzymes

Organic, non polypeptide compound that binds to a non protein related cofactor (most vitamins are components of these)

Chemical Energy

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Pyruvate

Through a series of reactions, glucose becames 2 molecules of ____________

Oxygen is reduced to H2O

What is reduced in aerobic respiration?

Oxygen

What molecule is not needed in Glycolysis?

Second Law of Thermodynamics

When energy is converted between forms, some usable energy is lost as heat in the surroundings,

Pyruvate decarboxylation

When the carboxyl group of pyruvate is removed to form a molecule of carbon dioxide, which is released from the cell

They may split complex molecules into their components

Which of the following concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE: 1. They are generally endergonic 2. They usually require ATP 3. They are part of metabolism 4. They may produce polysaccharides from monosaccharides 5. They may split complex molecules into their components

ATP

Which of the following is NOT one of the starting materials of the citric acid cycle?

glucose, lipids, proteins and fatty acids

Which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration?

Coenzyme

Which refers to an organic, nonpolypeptide compound that binds to apoenzyme and serves as a cofactor?

Anaerobic respiration

______________ occurs when there is not enough oxygen this process occurs. It uses pyruvic acid to make 2 ATP, and occurs in the cytoplasm

Citric Acid

a 6 carbon molecule that is produced first when acetyl-CoA joins with a 4 carbon molecule to enter the Krebs cycle

Exergonic

a reaction that loses energy/decreases; Negative Delta G.

2

1 FADH2 yields how many ATP?

3

1 NADH yields how many ATP?

18

6 NADH nets how many ATP in the Krebs cycle?

Citric acid cycle

A glucose molecule that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely broken down and released Co2 by the end of:

Catalyst

A substance that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

Lactic acid fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration where the pyruvate is converted into lactate. It builds "oxygen debt" which must later be paid back by delivery of O2 to get rid of lactate

Endergonic

ATP drives _______ reactions; positive Delta G.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O +ATP

Aerobic respiration formula

Catabolic, aerobic

Aerobic respiration is a _________ and ____________ process.

Redox Reactions

Aerobic respiration is a series of _______.

Less free energy than is released by a coupled exergonic reaction

An endergonic reaction can proceed only if it absorbs:

Can utilize NO3 as the terminal electron acceptor

Anaerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration in that anaerobic respiration:

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Entropy

As __________ increases, the amount of free energy decreases

glycolysis

the process of splitting a glucose molecule into 2 pyruvic acid molecules

Transition reaction

this process occurs in respiration after glycolysis and before the Krebs Cycle, it occurs in the cytoplasm, and it makes the acetic acid you need for the Krebs cycle

To accept the low energy electrons at the end of the ETC

The role of oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration is:

Krebs Cycle

The step in aerobic respiration, also called the citric acid cycle. Occurs in the cavities of mitochondrion

Substrate

The substance on which an enzyme acts

Enthalpy

The total potential energy of a system; each type of chemical bond contains a certain amount of energy

Energy

The transfer of electrons from one compound to another is equivalent to ______ transfer.

Citric Acid Cycle

There are 8 steps to the cycle

coenzyme A

This molecule reacts with pyruvic acid to release CO2, produce NADH, and acetyl-CoA

Substrate-level phosphorylation and Oxidative phosphorylation

Two different mechanisms that produce ATP

NADPH

What is not one of the intermediates or products of the carbon fixation reaction?

Reduced

XH2+NAD=X + NADH + H in the preceding equation, NAD+ is said to be

ATP is a class of

nucleic acids

36 to 38

total energy yield from glycolysis with aerobic respiration is _______ ATP per glucose

The net yield of Glycolysis

2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate

Krebs Cycle

2 ATP per glucose, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 4 CO2, Net 4 ATP

CoA Formation

2 Co2, 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, no ATP made

Glycolysis

2 NADH, 4 Gross ATP, 2 Net ATP

What is made from the energy payoff phase of Glycolysis?

4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate

32

ATP produced via Electron Transport Chain

Complex II

Accepts electrons from FADH2 and transfers them to ubiquinone

Complex 1

Accepts electrons from NADH and transfers to ubiquinone

Compex IV

Accepts electrons from cytochrome c and reduces O2 to form H2O

Complex III

Accepts electrons from reduced ubiquinone and passes them to cytochrome c

Induced fit

Binding of a substrate to the enzyme causing a change in the enzyme's shape, facilitating an enzymes function

Catabolism

Break down/splitting of molecules into smaller components

Pepsin and tripsin

Break peptide bonds

Aerobic cellular respiration

Catabolic process, converts energy into chemical bonds of nutrients to chemical energy, where we get ATP

Breakdown of large organic molecules to simple building blocks

Catabolic reactions involve the:

Alchohol fermentation

Cells convert pyruvic acid or pyruvate from glycolysis into ethyl alcohol and CO2

endergonic,exergonic

Cells drive _____________reactions by coupling them with _____________________reactions

Aerobic respiration

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen

Delta G

Change in free energy

First Law of Thermodynamcics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred into different forms of matter or energy

Oxidized in aerobic respiration

Glucose is oxidized to CO2

The steps of aerobic respiration

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation Linking Step/transition phase: Pyruvate Oxydation

Complex V

H+ flow back through, this final complex in the electron transport chain accomplishes the final transfer of the electrons to oxygen and pumps two protons across the membrane. This makes a total of 10 protons across the membrane for one NADH into the electron transfer chain.

Increases, then decreases

If one continues to increase the temperature in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the rate of the reaction:

Oxidized to carbon dioxide

In aerobic respiration, glucose is completely

Oxygen in a series of steps

In aerobic respiration, the electrons associated with the hydrogen atoms in glucose are ultimately transferred to:

ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP

In the electron transport chain, exergonic redox processes drive the endergonic reaction in which:

Units of work

Kilojoules are:

Allosteric site

Modifies enzyme's activity when an allosteric regulator is bound to it. It keeps the enzyme in its inactive shape (inhibitor), and results in a functional active site (activator)

Cytosol

Most substrate-level phosphorylation reactions occur in the _______ during glycolysis

NADH becomes oxidized to form

NAD+

Byproduct of exergonic reactions

Organismal body heat is a:

Cellular respiration

Overall process by which cells obtain energy from nutrients

2 ATPs

Oxidation of FADH2 yields up to _______ per molecule

3 ATPs

Oxidation of NADH in the electron transport chain yields up to ____________ per molecule

The oxidized and reduced forms of the electron carriers of aerobic respiration

Oxidized: NAD+, FAD Reduced: NADH, FADH2

Electron Transport Chain

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in __________

Anabolic reactions

Pathways that have an overall energy requirement are referred to as:

Anabolism

The gain or build up of molecules, formation of Glucose

Entropy

The measure or randomness of energy, organized, usable energy has a low entropy, disorganized energy such as heat has a high entropy.

ATP Synthase

The passage of H+ ions through _______ causes it to spin and produce ATP

Fermentation, NAD+, NADH

The production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during _______________occurs as a means of regenerating ________from ________

Exergonic reaction

The reaction ATP+H20--->ADP+Pi is classified as an:

Oxidation

-O2 gain -H2 lose -Electron lose

Reduction

-O2 lose -H2 gain -electron gain

Potential Energy

Capacity to do work as a result of position or state

mitochondria

Citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in

Electrons, protron

During chemiosmosis _______are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptor molecules, and energy released is used to create a _______ gradient across mitochondrial membrane

Transfer to an organic molecule

During fermentation, the immediate fate of the electrons in NADH is that they:

FADH

Electron carrier produced during the Krebs cycle.

NAD+ and FAD

Electron carriers of aerobic respiration

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion is used, work is performed

Potential

Energy stored within the molecules of ATP is in the form of what kind of energy?

Increase, lowering

Enzymes ________reaction by _________activation energy

Chemiosmosis or oxidative phosphorylation

Process by which a Hydrogen pump pumps protons into the thylakoid membrane. H+ passively flows through the ATP synthase which leads to the creation of ATP; Almost all the ATP produced during aerobic cell respiration is produced by this

pyruvic acid, acetic acid, Krebs Cycle

Protein metabolism links to carbohydrate metabolism _______ _______, _______ _______, and at several places in the _______ ________

Chemiosmosis

The biochemical process by which an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions is coupled to the production of ATP

Energy

The capacity to do work and change in state or motion of matter

ATP

The compound that contains the most energy

As entropy increases the amount of free energy decreases

The equation G=H-TS predicts:

FADH2

This high energy electron carrier produces fewer ATP's than NADH as its electrons pass through the Electron Transport Chain because it enters farther down the chain

Components of ATP

Three phosphate groups, Ribose, Nitrogenous base