Chapter 7: Proteins: Amino Acids

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Negative nitrogen balance

state in which the body loses more nitrogen than it retains

Positive nitrogen balance

state in which the body retains more nitrogen than it loses

Nutrigenomics

study of how nutrients affect the expression of a person's genome

Nutritional genomics

study of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics

Quaternary structure

the structure of protein that is comprised of two or more polypeptide chains arranged together in a complex matter

Tertiary structure

the three dimensional, twisted structure of a polypeptide chain that includes interactions between various amino acid groups on the chain

creatinine

Kidneys filter urea, ammonia, and

Vegan diet

diet based solely on plant foods, with complete elimination of animal foods and products

Personalized nutrition

dietary recommendations based on individual response to food and nutrients

Marasmus

form of undernutrition that results from starvation; diet lacks energy and nutrients

Nonessential amino acids

group of amino acids that the body can make

Vegetarian diet

plant-based eating pattern that may or may not include some animal foods

Legumes

plants that produce pods with a single row of seeds

Transamination

transfer of the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid

nitrogen balance (equilibrium)

In a healthy adult, the body maintains its protein content by maintaining

urea

Liver converts NH3 to

Marasmus

Loss of subcutaneous fat and deeper fat stores

amino acid derivatives

Nitrogen-containing compounds that are not proteins but have important physiological roles

R group (side chain)

Part of an amino acid that determines its physical and chemical properties

Polypeptides

proteins comprised of 50 or more amino acids

high-protein diet

provides an amount of protein greater than the RDA, usually 20 to 35% of calories

Nutrigenetics

study of how inherited genetic variations influence the body's responses to specific nutrients and nutrient combinations

Kwashiorkor

- form of undernutrition that results from consuming adequate energy and insufficient high-quality protein

creatinine

a nitrogen- containing waste produced by muscles

Gene

a portion of DNA that codes for a protein

urea

a waste product of amino acid metabolism

Conditionally essential amino acid

amino acids that are normally nonessential but became essential under a certain condition

Essential amino acids

amino acids the body cannot make or cannot make enough of to meet its needs

Proteins

are large, complex organic molecules made up of amino acids

Protein turnover

cellular process of breaking down proteins and recycling their amino acids

Mutation

change in the normal DNA sequence of a gene

Complementary combinations

combining certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids

High-quality proteins

complete proteins that are well-digested, absorbed, and used by the body

Amines

compounds that include amino groups in their chemical structure

Inborn errors of metabolism

conditions that occur when genes undergo mutations that disrupt metabolism of specific nutrients

Undernutrition

inadequate consumption of nutritious food

Low-quality proteins

incomplete and generally less digestible, making their amino acids less bioavailable than high-quality proteins

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

malnutrition that occurs when the diet lacks sufficient protein and energy

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

measure of the concentration of urea in blood

Urine urea nitrogen (UUN)

measure of the concentration of urea in urine

Tripeptides

molecules that consist of three amino acids

Dipeptides

molecules that consist of two amino acids

Exogenous

outside the body (dietary or other external source)

Carbon skeleton

remains of an amino acid following deamination

Deamination

removal of the nitrogen-containing group from an amino acid

Primary structure

the basic structure of protein; a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Secondary structure

the coiling of a polypeptide chain

Limiting amino acid

the essential amino acid found in the lowest concentration in an incomplete protein

amino or nitrogen-containing group

the portion of an amino acid that contains nitrogen

Endogenous

within the body

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

After polypeptides enter the small intestine, the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes:

denaturation

Altering a protein's natural shape and function by exposing it to conditions such as heat, acids, and physical agitation

peptide bond

Amino acids are chemically linked together via the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next one, forming a

nitrogen balance (equilibrium)

Balancing nitrogen intake with nitrogen losses

Carboxylic acid group

Carboxylic acid portion of a compound

amino acid derivatives

The body uses amino acids as precursors to form

peptide bond

The chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid

The hereditary material that provides instructions for making proteins

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid

The human body makes proteins by assembling the 20 amino acids in specific sequences according to the information coded in

20

There are _____ different amino acids found in the proteins of the human body

denaturation

When exposed to certain conditions, a protein undergoes unfolding in a process called

Amino acids

are nitrogen-containing chemical units that constitute proteins

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

break down polypeptides into shorter peptides and amino acids

Complete protein

food source of protein that contains an adequate proportion of each of the nine essential amino acids

Incomplete protein

food source of protein that contains inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids

Marasmic Kwashiorkor

form of undernutrition that results in a child with kwashiorkor who then starts to not consume enough energy; characterized by edema and wasting

Carbon skeleton

the remains of an amino acid following removal of the nitrogen-containing component (amino group) of the amino acid


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