Chapter 7 Quiz

Which of the following is one of the three processes of memory? literacy schema pegword retrieval

retrieval (the others are encoding and storage)

When we are not sure where a memory really came from ("Did it actually happen? Or was it all a dream?") we can use cues such as how vivid and detailed the memory is to determine the answer. This process is called __________. considered recollection cryptomnesia source monitoring initial recollection

source monitoring Identifying the true source of a memory helps us separate fact from fiction.

When we have encountered a stimulus before, we are able to identify it more quickly and easily. The term for this subtype of implicit memory is __________. priming conditioning habituation sensitization

priming

Our memory for how to do things is called __________. explicit memory mnemonic memory semantic memory procedural memory

procedural memory

In Elizabeth Loftus's "lost in the mall" study, approximately what percentage of people distinctly remembered being lost in a shopping mall after being told that this had happened to them, even though it did not really happen? 32 percent 25 percent 67 percent 10 percent

25 percent

ZAK, BOL, GID, YAF, and other nonsense syllables were used in some of the earliest studies of memory, conducted by __________. Hermann Ebbinghaus Arnold Swanson Martin Barre Herman von Helmholtz

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Which of the following statements is true? It is easier to implant a false memory from the recent past than a false memory from the distant past. It is nearly impossible to implant a false memory in a person, unless the person is high in suggestibility. Recovering repressed memories is like rewinding a videorecording of one's life events. It is easier to implant a false memory that is plausible than one that is implausible.

It is easier to implant a false memory that is plausible than one that is implausible

What is the general progression of memory loss for patients with Alzheimer's disease? Older memories are more easily corrupted, whereas recent memories remain intact. Memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go. Memory loss is random, haphazard, and unpredictable. Short-term memory disappears within a month of diagnosis.

Memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go.

That frustrating feeling of knowing you know something but cannot pull it out of your brain at the moment you want it is known as the TOT phenomenon, because __________. TOT stands for Too Old to Think it primarily happens to very young children or "tots" it was identified by the research team of Tattinger, Osprey, and Thomas TOT stands for "tip-of-the-tongue"

TOT stands for "tip-of-the-tongue"

Which of the following describes the term "schema"? a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall an organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory the process of keeping information in memory the process of getting information into our memory banks

an organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory

Without even noticing that you are doing it, what memory technique do you use to remember larger quantities of information, even though your short-term memory capacity only holds about nine bits of information? depth of processing elaborative rehearsal the Magic Number technique chunking

chunking

Unintentional plagiarism has been attributed to __________, which occurs when someone says they forgot having been exposed to the plagiarized material earlier and thought they had created it themselves. suggested memory misinformation effect monitoring failure cryptomnesia

cryptomnesia

The two primary reasons why short-term memories fade are __________ and __________. decay; interference intrusion; obstruction substitution; migration reversal; proaction

decay; interference

__________ allows you to remember auditory stimuli for up to 5 or 10 seconds. Recovered memory Eidetic memory Iconic memory echoic memory

echoic memory

There are various techniques available to help people improve their ability to recall material. For example, when you remember something new by connecting it mentally to something you already know, you are using __________. a mnemonic device levels of processing elaborative rehearsal distributed study

elaborative rehearsal

More than 300 convicted prisoners to date have been released because DNA evidence showed they were innocent, despite confident testimony from __________. psychologists prosecutors eyewitnesses forensic specialists

eyewitnesses

Although it is presented as the most common kind of memory loss in the popular media, with depictions of someone losing all memory of his or her past, __________ is not actually the most common kind of amnesia. anterograde amnesia infantile amnesia generalized amnesia retrograde amnesia

generalized amnesia

The connections among neurons gradually strengthen over time, and do so by means of repetitive stimulation. This process is known as __________. lateral processing connective synchrony elaborative rehearsal long-term potentiation

long-term potentiation

A memory that is actually false but "feels real" and can be triggered by, for example, looking at a list of associated words, is called a(n) __________. paradoxical memory active reconstruction representative heuristic memory illusion

memory illusion

Over time, children develop greater knowledge of their own memory abilities and limitations. The term used to describe this is __________. meta-memory learning comprehension habituation

meta-memory

Dee Dee has to remember 4 items that he needs at the corner market, so he visualizes the path he will take to get there. He imagines a bar of soap hanging from a large tree, envisions a roll of paper towels next to a stoplight, "sees" a packet of gum on the newspaper rack, and imagines the fire hydrant spurting out soda. Which memory strategy is Dee Dee relying on? keyword technique means-end analysis method of loci pegword technique

method of loci

Psychologists measure people's memory abilities by assessing three capacities: __________. relearning, receptivity, and retrieval retrieval, recall, and relearning recall, recognition, and relearning recall, retrieval, and reconstruction

recall, recognition, and relearning

Although using __________ can sometimes lead to mistakes, they provide us with a frame of reference for interpreting new situations. interpretive expectations storage menus schemas disambiguation tables

schemas (how we organize our mental worlds) like what we expect at a resturant

Zhenya remembers that St. Paul is the capital of Minnesota. Alina remembers that she lived in St. Paul when she was 12 years old. Zhenya is demonstrating __________ memory, whereas Alina is demonstrating __________ memory. semantic; procedural episodic; semantic semantic; episodic procedural; semantic

semantic; episodic

George Sperling's partial report method studies from the 1960's demonstrated that when a display of 12 letters was viewed, participants retained all of the letters in __________ but not all of them could be transferred to short-term memory. sensory memory semantic memory episodic memory explicit memory

sensory memory