Chapter 7 SmartBook
Janie has a lot of trouble with math. She sits by Rick who loves math. Janie wonders if it would be wrong to look at Rick's paper for just one answer she cannot get. This is an example of what behavior?
Ethical conduct
______ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.
Empathy
In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of how adolescents think about right and wrong?
He interviewed individuals of different ages.
The theorist who developed a theory of adolescent moral development that unfolds in a series of stages was:
Kohlberg
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
Moral
Researchers have focused attention on which THREE possible components of moral personality?
Moral exemplars Moral character Moral identity
With an increase in abstract, idealistic, and logical reasoning, adolescents demonstrate an increase in _______ behaviors.
prosocial
Albert Bandura believes self-_________ is the key to positive moral development.
regulation
It is the belief of Albert Bandura that self - rather than abstract reasoning is the key to positive moral development.
regulation
An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols increasing a person's connection to a sacred other is a description of .
religion
An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual's connection to a sacred other is a description of ________.
religion
The degree of affiliation with an organized religion while participating in the practices and rituals of it's believers is a description of _________.
religiousness
The degree of affiliation with an organized religion with participation in the rituals and practices of its beliefs is a description of .
religiousness
An important context involved in moral development is an adolescent's (personality/school).
school
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
Postconventional
Child rearing techniques for moral development include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Power assertion Induction Love withdrawa
"What's in it for me?" describes an attitude common in which level of Kohlberg's model of moral development?
Preconventional
The distinction between moral development and moral competence is the description of what theory?
Social cognitive
According to domain theory, which of these types of reasoning states that rules are arbitrary and established to control behavior and maintain the social system?
Social conventional reasoning
______ focuses on rules that have been established by consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.
Social conventional reasoning
True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives individuals an opportunity to change their moral orientation by taking the role of another person.
True
In social cognitive theory the ability to produce moral behaviors is the description of moral ________.
competence
The use of values clarification in teaching moral education is done through _________.
learning to understand the values of others identification that certain things are worth working for encouraging students to identify their own values
Darcia Narvaez and Tracy Gleason have argued recent declines in prosocial behaviors, especially those from the Western culture are on a _________.
fast train to demise
During adolescence, (males/females) see themselves as more prosocial and empathetic.
females
An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called _________.
forgiveness
The description of an injured individual releasing the injuring person from possible behavioral retaliation is called .
forgiveness
When a parent withholds affection from an adolescent, the style of moral development involved is called ______.
love withdrawal
According to Kohlberg, preconventional reasoning is the _______ level of moral development.
lowest
According to domain theory, a rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of social conventional reasoning, but a rule about murder is an example of ______ reasoning.
moral
Albert Bandura believes individuals develop a self which allows people to adopt standards of right and wrong that serve as guides and deterrents for conduct.
moral
Theorists feel parents should use induction to encourage an adolescent's _______ development.
moral
development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.
moral
Albert Bandura's belief that individuals adopt standards of right and wrong that serve as guides and deterrents for conduct is a description of __________.
moral self
The ego rewards the adolescent with a sense of pride while the punishes the adolescent for acting immorally.
ideal, conscience
Individuals have a moral ______ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life.
identity
Austin is learning to drive. He observes his parents' safe driving and complies with this behavior himself. This behavior is an example of ________.
imitation
In social cognitive theory, the enactment of behaviors in specific situations is a description of moral ________.
performance
Recently, experts have suggested the existence of a/an ______ domain subject to the individual's independent decision making and judgment. It includes issues such as control over one's body, privacy, and choice of friends and activities.
personal
Researchers have defined moral as consisting of moral identity, moral character, and moral exemplars.
personality
Researchers have found religiousness has declined in the United States in adolescents from _____ to 20 years of age.
14
Fourteen-year-old Sydney has been told by her teacher that she has a high level of moral competence. This description would indicate Sydney has which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)
An awareness of moral rules Being capable of knowing her own skills The ability to construct behaviors
The use of character education is promoted within the school system through the use of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Class discussion of cheating Sanctions for inappropriate behaviors Rewarding positive behaviors
In a study of 11 to 18 year olds, religiosity has been found to do which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Decreased truancy in school Less likely to smoke Less likely to drink
Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?
Domain theory
Religiousness in adolescents has been identified as the inclusion of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Frequency of discussing religious teachings. Frequency of moral actions for religious reasons The overall importance of religion in everyday life
Moral character involves which of the following components? (Select all that apply.)
Having the integrity to stand up to pressure Overcoming distractions and disappointments Showing dependability, loyalty, and conscientiousness
The moral domain of adolescent reasoning includes which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Hurting someone Stealing Cheating Lying to someone
Prosocial behavior appears to increase in adolescents as a result of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Increased emotional understanding Improved abstract reasoning Increased volunteer opportunities
What word best describes moral reasoning processes at the postconventional level?
Internal
The social conventional domain of adolescent reasoning would include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Interrupting others Cutting in a line of people
What distinguishes Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning from earlier levels?
It is more internal.
Schools have taught adolescents moral development with a hidden curriculum through which of the following methods? (Select all that apply.)
Moral orientation of the educators Rules of the school and classroom Consideration for others' feelings
Austin is thirteen years old. His football coach has told him he demonstrates high moral performance. This description would indicate Austin has which of the following characteristics?
Motivation to act a specific moral way
Kohlberg argued that which of the following factors influence an individual's movement through the moral stages? (Select all that apply.)
Peer interaction Cognitive conflict Role-taking opportunities
taking is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.
Perspective
What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?
Perspective taking
The basic processes of positive adolescent moral development involve which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Punishment Reinforcement Imitation
At the preconventional level, what might motivate moral behavior? (Select all that apply.)
Punishment Reward
Research has found the universality of Kohlberg's theory in which of the following stage combinations?
Stages 1 to 4
True or false: Adolescent females view themselves as more prosocial and empathetic than males.
True
True or false: Although Kohlberg's approach does capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world, his approach fails to capture important moral concepts in particular cultures.
True
An unselfish interest in helping others is identified as .
altruism
Eighty-year-old, Mary, was struggling to put her groceries in the trunk of her car. Sixteen-year-old, Joshua, saw this as he walked by stopping to put Mary's groceries in the truck and taking her cart back to the store for her. Joshua is demonstrating the act of ______.
altruism
Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are
arbitrary and can be changed by consensus.
According to the latest distinction in domain theory, some actions belong to a personal domain and _______ governed by moral strictures or social norms.
are not
Recent research has found prosocial behaviors in adolescents is promoted by ___________.
authoritative mothers
Carol Gilligan's ______ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, Gilligan's perspective views people and their moral reasoning in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
When educators promote prosocial behaviors by teaching sensitivity to others, helping others, and consideration of others feeling, they are practicing a/an _______ perspective.
care
Moral involves having the willpower, desires, and integrity to stand up to pressure, overcome distractions and disappointments, and behave morally.
character
Moral exemplars are people who have moral: (Select all that apply.)
character virtues identity
The component of the superego that involves behaviors not approved of by parents is called the __________.
conscience
Research identifies schools as an important _______ for moral development.
context
reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
conventional
Narvaez and Gleason propose postconventional moral reasoning has been _______ in college students.
declining
Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as .
empathy
Kohlberg argued that family processes are _______ in children's moral development.
essentially unimportant
Xavier saw a lady drop a five dollar bill on the ground. He needs the money but realizes he can catch up with the lady and return the money. This decision raises a question for Xavier about his rules of conduct.
ethical
A feeling of thankfulness and appreciation in response to someone doing something kind or helpful is called .
gratitude
Jasmine lost her history book, Sylvia helped her find it. Jasmine was appreciative of Sylvia's help demonstrating her ________ for the help.
gratitude
For many decades schools have taught moral development through a ________ curriculum.
hidden
The discipline technique in which a parent uses reason and explanation of the consequences for other's of the adolescent's actions is called _________.
induction
Behaving in a manner that violates one's moral identity places the ______ of the self at risk.
integrity
Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been criticized because moral reasons can sometimes hide immoral behavior and the theory of moral reasoning __________
is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do.
Jonah is with his friends who have decided to write notes for their history quiz on their arms. Jonah is likely to go along with this as a result of
it is his nature to do this. pressure from his friends. a slim chance of getting caught.
According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is
not as important as peer relations.
reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
postconventional
A discipline technique a parent may use including spanking or removing privileges is called _________.
power assertion
reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.
preconventional
Research has found moral behaviors and dishonesty in adolescents to be specific.
situation
In the theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personal knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.
social domain
Experiencing beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society is a description of .
spirituality
The experiencing beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society is a description of ________.
spirituality
One study of ninth to twelfth graders found those who attended church regularly in one grade were more likely to have lower levels of abuse in the next grade.
substance
According to Kohlberg, people in the conventional reasoning stage of moral development abide by:
the standards of others
Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because it places too much emphasis on moral and not enough on moral .
thought, behavior
Why should moral exemplars be studied?
to be able to characterize the ideal endpoint of moral development
A method of providing moral education by helping adolescents clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for is called ________ clarification.
values
Beliefs and attitudes about the way thing should be is a description of _______.
values
In regard to politics, religion, money, sex, education, family, friends, and cheating we attach _______ to our beliefs and attitudes.
values
