Chapter 7 The Nervous System Lecture Packet

The Cerebrum has what

2 hemispheres connected by a band of white matter called the corpus callosum

how many lobes does each hemisphere have?

4

nerve

A bundle of nerve fibers

What is the central nervous system?

Consists of the brain and the spinal cord and is the origin of all complex commands and decisions.

what is the function of the corpus callosum?

The function of this structure is to allow the two hemispheres to communicate with each other.

what are the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

The sympathetic division initiates the fight-or-flight response and the parasympathetic initiates the rest-and-digest or feed-and-breed responses.

what is the function of a schwann cell?

They form the myelin sheath in the PNS.

what is the function of a neuron?

To process and transmit information, creating electrical impulse

what is the function of a microglial cell?

To remove foreign materials around the neurons

what is the function of a node of ranvier?

Where nerve impulses accumulate/ form quickly.

white matter

Whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths.

myelin

a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses

what is the blood-brain barrier?

a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances.

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

gray matter

a portion of the CNS consisting of cytons (cell bodies), their dendrites and synaptic connections

sympathetic nervous system

a set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations

neuron

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.

what is the function of the pons?

aids in control of breathing and plays a role in REM sleep

what are the different types of neuroglia?

astrocytes, microglial, ependymal, oligodendrocytes(CNS), and Shwann cells(PNS)

neuroglia

caretakers of neurons in the CNS

what are the general structures of a neuron?

cell body, nucleus, dendrite, node of ranvier, schwann cell, and axon terminal

what are the major regions of the brain?

cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum

what is the function of the cell body?

contains nucleus

what is the function of the medulla?

controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

what is the function of the cerebellum?

coordination of skeletal muscle activity and learned motor skills

what is the functions of the CSF?

cushions brain within skull, serves as a shock absorber for the CNS, and also circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood

what is the functions of the temporal lobe?

differentiation of sounds, process auditory info, identification of objects and faces

what are the three meningeal layers?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

what is the functions of the frontal lobe?

executive functions, thinking, planning, organizing, problem solving, and behavior control

where is the association area in the brain?

frontal lobes

what are the four lobes of the brain?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

cerebellum

gray and white matter involved in coordination of skeletal muscle activity and learned motor skills

Where is CSF located?

in subarachnoid space and in cavities within brain and central canal of spinal cord

what is the function of the association area?

integration of information

why is the blood brain barrier important?

it protects the central nervous tissue for potentially harmful substances

what does the cerebrum do?

largest part of the brain deals with sense, thinking, memory, and controlling movements (voluntary)

Cerebrum

largest part of the human brain

what are the parts of cerebrum?

left hemisphere, right hemisphere, corpus callosum

what is the function of ependymal cells?

line cavities in CNS

diencephalon

masses of gray matter hidden deep within the cerebral hemispheres

meninge

membrane that covers and protects the central nervous system

Brain stem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

efferent

motor

what are the structures of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

nerves, smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

where is the sensory area located?

parietal lobe

where is the motor area located?

posterior to the frontal lobe

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

primary center for vision

what is the functions of the parietal lobe?

reading, writing, language processing, understanding symbols, and proprioception

what is the function of the midbrain?

reflex center for vision and hearing

what is the function of the diencephalon?

relays sensory information between brain regions and controls many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system

afferent

sensory

what are the general functions of the nervous system?

sensory input, integration, motor output

axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

what does the pia mater do?

the innermost layer and has delicate connective tissue; blood vessels travel in it.

what does the arachnoid mater do?

the middle layer of the meninges and subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid. has web of loose connective tissue.

What does the dura mater do?

the outermost layer of the meninges and is very tough due to dense connective tissue

what is the peripheral nervous system?

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

what is the function of the sensory area?

to be able to pick up on sensory input

what are functions of an astrocyte?

to control the chemical environment of the brain, brace neurons, and form a barrier between capillaries and neurons

what is the function of Schwann cells(PNS)?

to form a myelin sheath in the PNS

what is the function of the motor area?

to innervate skeletal muscle to cause movement

what are the functions of oligodendrocytes(CNS)?

to wrap around nerve fibers in the CNS and to produce myelin sheaths

what is the length of an adult spinal cord?

18 inches long

what is the function of a dendrite?

Conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body.

cerebrospinal fluid

Fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system.

what is the spinal level at which the spinal cord ends?

T12/L1

axon terminal

The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored

how does the Autonomic nervous system compare to the somatic nervous system?

somatic nervous system transmits sensory and motor signals to and from the central nervous system while The autonomic nervous system controls the function of our organs and glands, and can be divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy, also known as housekeeping