Chapter 7 Trust Justice & Ethics
Moral Intensity
captures the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency. Driven by two general concerns: Potential for harm and Social pressure
Unethical behavior
clearly violates accepted norms of morality and is generally directed toward employees,customers, financiers, or society as a whole
Benevolence
the belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor, apart from any selfish or profit centered motives
Moral Identity
the degree to which a person self-identifies as a moral person. This moderates the effects of moral judgement on ethical behavior
The Dimensions of Trustworthiness
Ability, benevolence and integrity
Example of Social pressure
An act that violates a clear social norm is more morally intense than an act that seems similar to what everyone else is doing.
Example of Consistency
Asking the same interview questions to all job candidates
Moral Attentiveness
Captures the degree to which people chronically perceive and consider issues of morality during their experiences
Examples of Moral principles
Consequentialist & Non-Consequentialist
Rules that create equal opportunity employment
Consistency, Bias Suppression, representativeness and accuracy
Determinants of Individual Ethics
Family, Peers, Individual Events and Values & Morals
Prescriptive
How people ought to act
Non-Consequentialist principles
Judge the morality of an action solely on its intrinsic desirability
Rules of Informational Justice
Justification and Truthfulness
Example of benevolence at work
Mentor- Protege relationship in which the mentor goes out of their way to be helpful
Threads related dto Business Ethics
Prescriptive and Descriptive
Rules of Interpersonal Justice
Respect and Property
Trusts effect on organizational Commitment
Strong Relationship
Procedural Justice rules of fair process
Voice, Correctability, Consistency, Bias Suppression, representativeness and accuracy
Trust Propensity
a general expectation that the words, promises and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon
Corporate Social Responsibility
a perspective that acknowledges that the responsibilities of a business encompass the economic, legal, ethical, and citizenship expectations of society
Merely Ethical behavior
adheres to some minimally accepted standard of morality
Example of Potential to Harm
an act that could result in 1000 injuries is much higher in moral intensity than one that could result in 10 injuries
Cognitive Moral Developement
argues that as people age and mature, they move through various phases / stages of moral development, each more mature and sophisticated than the prior one.
Four-Component Model
argues that ethical behaviors result from a multistage sequence beginning with moral awareness, continuing on to moral judgement, then to moral intent and ultimately ethical behavior.
What are some business schools doing to boost moral awareness?
bring in white-collar criminals to speak to students about their unethical actions as well as consequences of those actions.
Obstructional Stance of Social Responsibility
do as little as possible to solve a social or environmental problem
Defensive Stance of Social Responsibility
do only what is legally required and nothing more - most cigaret companies
Voice
giving the employees a chance to express their opinions and views during the course of decision making
Descriptive
how people tend act
Affect-Based trust
it depends on feelings toward the authority that go beyond any rational assessment
Where does trust propensity come from?
it is a product of both our nature and nurturing
Cognition-Based Trust
its rooted in a rational assessment of the authorities trustworthiness
Consequentialist Principles
judge the morality of an action according to its goals, aims or outcomes
Justification rule
mandates that authorities explain decision-making procedures and outcomes in a comprehensive and reasonable manner
Accommodative Stance of Social Responsibility
meets legal and ethical obligations and go beyond that in selected cases -matching gifts( Giving back to your university along with your company helping)`
Trusts Effect on Job Performance
moderate relationship
Moral Awareness
occurs when an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation or that an ethical code or principle is relevant to the circumstances. Depends in part on the characteristics of the issue itself
Interpersonal Injustice
occurs when authorities are rude or disrespectful to employees or when they refer to them with inappropriate labels.
Whistle-Blowing
occurs when former or current employees expose illegal or immoral actions by their organization
Proactive Stance of Social Responsibility
organization views itself as a citizen and actively seeks opportunities to contribute to society
Correctability
provides employees with a chance to request an appeal when a procedure seems to have worked ineffectively
Moral Intent
reflects an authority's degree of commitment to the moral course of action
Ability to Focus
reflects the degree to which employees can devote their attention to work, as opposed to " covering their back side". it is clearly vital to task performance
Ethics
reflects the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms
Justice
reflects the perceived fairness of an authority's decision making
Distributive Justice
reflects the perceived fairness of decision making outcomes
Procedural Justice
reflects the perceived fairness of decision making processes A stronger driver of reactions to authorities
Informational Justice
reflects the perceived fairness of the communications provided to employees from authorities
Interpersonal Justice
reflects the perceived fairness of the treatment received by employees from authorities.
Moral Judgement
reflects the process people use to determine whether a particular course of action is ethical or unethical.
Reputation
reflects the prominence of its brand in the mind of the public and the perceived quality of its goods and services. It is an Intangible asset that takes a long time to build up
Social Exchange
relationships develop that are based on vaguely defined obligations that are open-ended and long term in their repayment schedule. Characterized by mutual investment and higher levels of trust in authorities
Economic Exchanges
relationships that are based on narrowly defined, quid quo pro obligations that are specified in advance and have an explicit repayment schedule. Essentially employees agree to complete their job description in exchange for financial compensation, very low trust in authorities
Truthfulness Rule
requires for communications to be honest and candid
Post-conventional Stage of moral developnment
right vs. Wrong is referenced to as a set of defined, established moral principles. Fewer than 20% of americans ever reach this stage. Also Known As the principled stage
Conventional Stage of moral developnment
right vs. wrong is referenced to the expectations of ones family and society
Pre-conventional Stage of moral developnment
right vs. wrong is viewed in terms of consequences of various actions for the individual
Moral principles
serve as perspective guides for making moral judgements
Abusive Supervision
sustained display of hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors, excluding physical contact
Integrity
the perception that the authority adheres to a set of values and principles that the trustor finds acceptable.
Ability
the skills, competencies and areas of expertise that enable an authority to be successful in some specific area.
Trust
the willingness to be vulnerable to a trustee based on positive expectations about the trustees actions and intentions
Equity Norm
this form of distributive justice is judged to be the fairest choice in situations in which the goal is to maximize the productivity of individual employees
When is procedural Justice most important?
when the outcomes of the process are negative, such as when Consumer Report gives a car a bad rating.
Propriety Rule
whether authorities refrain from making improper or offensive remarks
Respect Rule
whether authorities treat employees in a dignified and sincere manner
What does research on ethics explain?
why people behave in a manner consistent with generally accepted norms of morality and why they sometimes violate these norms
Disposition-Based Trust
your personality traits include a general propensity to trust others