CHAPTER 8 ADULT DEV

4. In Erikson's theory, emerging adults who arrive at commitments but do not evaluate alternative commitments would be in which identity status? a) Foreclosure. b) Achieved. c) Diffuse. d) Moratorium.

A

11. A 56-year old man has struggled with psychological disorder throughout his entire life, but he has finally managed to overcome his symptoms enough to establish himself in his community as a member of the town council. He has also found happiness in a committed relationship with a woman and they are talking about getting married. This man would fit which life pathway as described from research on the RALS? a) Triumphant Trail. b) Meandering Way. c) Authentic Road. d) Straight and Narrow.

A

12. A 60-year-old accountant feels satisfied with the life choices she's made even though she's still open to making changes in the future. Which of the five pathways in the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study best describes her? a) Authentic Road b) Meandering Way c) Triumphant Trail d) Straight and Narrow

A

17. In comparing men and women on defense mechanisms, researchers find that women are more likely than men to engage in which approach to handling stress or anxiety? a) self-blame b) reaction formation c) denial d) acting out

A

20. A 34-year-old woman is struggling to overcome her extreme anxiety that her friends will desert her, so she tends to stay away from making new friendships. According to the attachment style perspective, she would be considered to be _________ in her attachment style. a) avoidant. b) resistant. c) secure. d) autonomous.

A

21. The Five Factor model of personality fits into which overall category of psychological theories? a) trait b) neo-behaviorist c) cognitive d) psychodynamic

A

28. According to the correspondence principle, personality __________ is enhanced over adulthood because people selectively experience life events that reinforce their existing personalities. a) stability b) change c) identity d) trait

A

3. A major emphasis of psychodynamic theory is understanding the use of ________________ in adulthood. a) defense mechanisms b) traits c) cognitive processes d) five factors

A

31. A cardiologist/Dr. Al Fresco/ sees many middle-aged and older patients who suffer from heart disease and all seem to share a certain personality trait. Based on longitudinal research on adults from college through midlife, which personality trait is this likely to be? a) hostility b) conscientiousness c) dutifulness d) openness to experience

A

46. The patterning of an individual's personal development, occupation, family roles, religion, friendships, and religion at a particular point in time is referred to by Levinson as the: a) life structure. b) identity process. c) coping style. d) possible self.

A

7. The notion of the "redemptive self," as proposed by McAdams comes closest to which stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory? a) Generativity b) Autonomy c) Ego integrity d) Identity

A

8. As people get older they should, according to Bauer, care less about themselves and more about others, an increase in what he calls: a) quiet ego. b) foreclosed identity. c) secure attachment. d) possible selves.

A

15. The adult's ability to express the true "inner self" is associated with which stage of development in Loevinger's theory? a) Postformal b) Integrated c) Conscientious d) Autonomous

B

23. The personality trait within the Five Factor Model found to predict smoking and drug use in adulthood is: a) Agreeableness b) Conscientiousness c) Extraversion d) Introversion

B

30. Research conducted by Lodi-Smith and colleagues (2010) comparing personality and preventive behaviors found that observer-rated personality traits were correlated with which measure relevant to health? a) Type A behavior b) smoking c) education d) blood pressure

B

34. Socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that we feel closer to ____________ as we get closer to the end of our lives. a) casual acquaintances b) our best friends c) extended family d) political leaders

B

37. As pointed out in socioemotional selectivity theory, people who value the _________ function of their relationships are likely to seek advice and practical tips from the people with whom they spend time. a) affective b) informational c) mood-regulating d) emotional

B

38. Supporting the theory known as ____________, Isaacowitz's research on eye movements showed that older people prefer to look at the happy parts of a face. a) trait pattern stability b) socioemotional selectivity c) intrapsychic preference d) identity process

B

43. People high in self-efficacy are likely to adapt to stress by using which type of coping methods? a) affect regulation b) problem-focused c) secure attachment d) emotion-focused

B

1. As pointed out in "Aging Today," people who view their situations in life honestly, if not with a slight sense of worry, can be considered high in: a) neurotic sadness. b) negative emotionalism. c) depressive realism. d) affective dysregulation.

C

13. In longitudinal research on ego development in women conducted by Helson and her colleagues at Mills College, the results showed that during the years of adulthood, women decreased in: a) feelings of independence. b) degree of self-control. c) perceived femininity. d) self-rated leadership.

C

14. In Vaillant's ego psychology theory of personality, older adults are more likely to show which type of adaptation to the/stress in the/ir lives? a) Conscientious-conformist. b) Identity accommodation. c) Mature defense mechanism. d) Insecure attachment style.

C

19. Research on attachment styles in older adults shows that older adults have a variety of sources of security which provide a(n) _____________ when they are experiencing distress. a) emotional island b) mental respite c) safe haven d) self affirmation

C

22. Researchers and clinicians use the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) to study the _____________ model of personality in adulthood. a) attachment style b) ego development c) five factor d) defense mechanism

C

24. The psychologist testing a 78-year-old new client administered the NEO-PI-R as part of a neuropsychological assessment. She noted that the client has markedly high scores on an Alzheimer's screening test. According to research on the Five Factor Model and Alzheimer's disease risk, which scale of the NEO-PI-R is likely to be abnormally high? a) Agreeableness b) Openness c) Neuroticism d) Defensiveness

C

25. The well-known psychologist who proposed that personality is "set in plaster" by the age of 30 was: a) Loevinger. b) Levinson. c) James. d) Erikson.

C

27. The ________________ principle would predict that, over time, a highly agreeable person would be more liked by other people, which would further increase that person's agreeableness over the years of adulthood. a) accommodation b) generativity c) correspondence d) stability

C

29. Lower levels of IL-6 were associated in research on the MIDUS with which FFM personality trait? a) hostility b) openness c) conscientiousness d) agreeableness

C

32. In the Type A behavior pattern, high scores on hostility seem strongly related to which health outcome? a) Respiratory illness b) Major depression c) Cardiovascular disease d) Hearing loss

C

35. The amount of time a person has left to live is an important factor in personality according to which theory of development? a) normative influence b) secure attachment c) socioemotional selectivity d) ego integrity

C

39. The idea of what you could become at some point in the future is known as your: a) attachment style. b) life structure. c) possible self. d) ego integrity.

C

41. A 62-year-old woman was told by her physician, much to her own distress, that she needs to lose 15 pounds in order to reduce her risk of developing diabetes. Instead of following the physician's advice, though, she instead tries to make herself feel better by minimizing the importance of what she's just heard. This way of coping with stress is known as: a) problem-focused. b) support seeking. c) emotion-focused. d) possible self-affirmation.

C

42. The quality of _______________ refers being able to the ability to recover from stress. a) extraversion b) correspondence c) resilience d) attachment

C

45. The inner narrative that people create of their experiences up to the present point is called the: a) life structure. b) feared self. c) life story. d) daily diary.

C

5. Research on identity in emerging adults suggests that those who are most likely to engage in delinquent and drug-related behaviors are in which identity status? a) Achieved b) Moratorium c) Diffuse d) Foreclosed

C

50. As reported in your text, Costa and McCrae found that men who scored highest on their Midlife Crisis Scale had the highest scores on the __________factor as measured 10 years earlier. a) Extroversion b) Openness c) Neuroticism d) Conscientiousness

C

9. Because it studied patterns of individual changes over time, the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study (RALS) on psychosocial development used the multivariate correlational method known as: a) logistic regression. b) analysis of variance. c) hierarchical linear modeling. d) meta-analysis.

C

10. Using sequential methods made it possible for the RALS to investigate the role of ____________ in psychosocial development. a) gender b) race c) marital status d) cohort

D

16. A 27-year-old graduate student finds out that he failed his comprehensive exams, an experience that would normally be extremely anxiety-provoking. However, instead of becoming openly upset, he goes out drinking with his friends that night and never even mentions the failure. Even the next day, he doesn't actually act like anything has gone wrong with his career. Vaillant would classify this as an example of a(n): a) identity vs. identity diffusion crisis. b) self-actualization threat. c) insecure attachment style. d) immature defense mechanism.

D

18. Attachment theory fits into the ______________ perspective in personality and aging. a) social cognitive b) identity process c) five-factor d) psychodynamic

D

2. The "ego" in ego psychology approaches to adult development and aging refers to the fact that these theories emphasize: a) inborn traits or constitutional dispositions. b) biological patterns of responding to stimuli. c) learned habits acquired through reinforcement. d) a structure in personality proposed by Freudian theory.

D

26. A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies on aging and the Five Factor Model revealed that, across many of these studies, individuals increased up until the age of about 40 in which trait? a) neuroticism b) psychopathology c) disagreeableness d) social dominance

D

33. A behavioral health specialist working on a cardiologist's hospital team is called in to conduct a session with a new patient. After determining that the patient fits the Type A Behavior Pattern, what would be the best way for her to try to help this patient decrease his future heart disease risk? a) Start a program of family therapy b) Teach him to be less agreeable c) Help him act out his feelings d) Work on reducing his hostility

D

36. Studies testing the predictions of Socioemotional Selectivity Theory involving eye tracking measurements while people look at facial stimuli note that younger adults, compared to older adults, are more likely to focus on parts of the face showing: a) happiness b) delight c) joy d) anger

D

40. People who use problem-focused coping are most likely to try to change ____________ when faced with a stressor. a) their mood b) the facts c) their thoughts d) the situation

D

44. In later life, people who are low in self-esteem tend to be those who use the identity process of: a) assimilation b) balance c) mistrust d) accommodation

D

47. A large-scale survey of adults from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) showed that ______% indicated they had experienced a "midlife" crisis, though the ages associated with that crisis showed a wide range. a) 95 b) 57 c) 78 d) 26

D

48. According to your text, the idea that personality is subject to major upheavals in the middle years of adulthood reflects: a) Erikson's theory . b) Identity accommodation . c) Current findings in trait theory . d) A good story - "disaster mentality" .

D

49. In a large scale review of studies on midlife in women, the findings showed support for the idea that: a) women experience a midlife crisis earlier than do men. b) more women than men experience a midlife crisis. c) the midlife crisis affects only unmarried women. d) stage in midlife did not predict any outcome measures.

D

6. Because most adults in our society have internalized society's norms about what's right and wrong but do not necessarily have a true conscience, personality theorist Loevinger believed that they fall into the _______________ stage of ego development. a) Introverted-Extraverted b) Assimilation-Accommodation c) Autonomy-shame/doubt d) Conscientious-Conformist

D