Chapter 8 and 11

An individual with a malignant tumor is said to have _____.

Cancer

Looking through a light microscope at a dividing cell, you see two separate groups of chromosomes on opposite ends of the cell. New nuclear envelopes are taking shape around each group. The chromosomes then begin to disappear as they unwind. You are witnessing _____.

Telophase

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?

Telophase. Telophase is the final phase of mitosis, when the chromosomes have arrived at the poles and the nuclear envelopes of the two new cells form.

In sexually reproducing multicellular organisms, the main functions of mitosis are _____.

-Growth and development -Tissue repair/replacement of damaged cells

The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?

Prophase Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, when the centrosomes begin moving toward opposite poles and the nuclear envelope breaks up.

Which events occur during prophase?

-The nuclear envelope breaks down -Chromosomes condense and are attached to spindle fibers

A human bone marrow cell in the prophase stage of mitosis contains 46 chromosomes. Therefore, there are a total of __________ sister chromatids in this cell.

92. Mitosis follows the S phase, during which the cell's DNA is duplicated.

What is different concerning the DNA in bacterial cells as opposed to eukaryotic cells?

All of it were differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA. -the amount of DNA present -whether the DNA is housed in a nucleus or not -whether the DNA is linear or circular

The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

Anaphase. Sister chromatids separate and start their migration toward opposite poles during anaphase.

A_____ is a lump of abnormal cells that, although growing out of control, remains at its original site.

Benign Tumor

Bacteria divide by:

Binary fission. Binary fission is the method used by bacteria to divide.

Asexual and sexual reproduction differ in that sexual reproduction _____.

Can produce great variation among the offspring. As long as there is some genetic variation in the parents, different offspring will inherit unique combinations of genes from each parent, creating variation among offspring.

The most common type of cancer is a ____; this type always originates in tissues that line organs.

Carcinoma

Your cousin has been added to a clinical trial for CAR. Which of the following will be a precursor to prepare him for this treatment?

Chemotherapy

At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _________________.

Cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm that occurs in conjunction with telophase, the last phase in mitosis.

The first step of bacterial replication is _____.

DNA replication. The DNA must be copied in order to proceed.

Cytokinesis____.

Finishes mitosis by dividing the cytoplasm and organelles of the original parent cell into two separate daughter cells

Which of the following will have authorization to decide if and when CAR can be used?

Food and Drug Administration

Consider the photograph shown below. You can determine this is a plant cell rather than an animal cell because it has __________.

Formed cell plate. The cell plate, which divides the cytoplasm in two, forms during telophase of mitosis in a plant cell and can be observed in the center of this image.

Consider the cell cycle shown below. Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in the __________ phase of the cell cycle.

G1 In mammalian cells, this checkpoint is termed the restriction point.

Immune system cells enter a resting phase after undergoing mitosis. When activated—for example, by an infection—they can reenter the sequence of events in the cell cycle that leads to cell division. What would be the correct cell cycle sequence of events for these reactivated cells?

G1, S, G2, M After reactivation, these cells move into G1. Here they grow in preparation for DNA replication (S phase). Once complete, the cells move into G2 and make the final preparations for mitosis.

When examining cells in the laboratory, you notice that a particular cell has half as much DNA as the surrounding cells. This observation can be explained if this cell's cell cycle halted at checkpoint _____.

G1. The cell cycle must have stopped before the S phase; otherwise, the cell would also have twice as much DNA.

During _____, the cell carries out its normal functions and the chromosomes are thinly spread out throughout the nucleus.

Interphase

During binary fission, each copy of the duplicating chromosome moves to opposite ends of the cell. What does this achieve?

It ensures that each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome. The separation of the duplicating chromosomes ensures that each daughter cell receives a chromosome.

A patient with which of the following would be most likely to be successfully treated with CAR-T cell therapy?

Leukemia.

A_____is an abnormally growing mass of cells that is actively spreading through the body.

Malignant Tumor

The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

Metaphase. Metaphase occurs in the middle of mitosis, when the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

______ is the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to other sites in the body.

Metastasis

In the telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. This is essentially the opposite of what happens in _____.

Prophase. During prophase we observe the formation of the spindle, the condensation of chromatin, and the disappearance of the nucleolus, which are the opposite events to those occurring during telophase.

Adrenaline is a "fight-or-flight" hormone and is released when danger threatens or in an emergency. It binds to a protein receptor, which causes a number of reactions to occur inside the cell. Enzymes are produced that perform a number of functions, including release of sugar into the bloodstream. What function does adrenaline play in this pathway?

Signal molecule. Adrenaline is released by the adrenal glands. It binds to the surface of many cells, including kidney and liver cells, and initiates a signal transduction pathway that assists with the fight-or-flight responses.

The success of cell therapy to treat cancer relies on which of the following?

T-cells.

What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?

The chromosomes must be duplicated. Before mitosis can begin, the chromosomes, or genetic material, must be copied, which occurs during interphase.

What would be the immediate consequence of destroying a cell's centrosomes?

The mitotic spindle would not form. The mitotic spindle forms from microtubules that extend from the centrosomes.

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of vesicles. Which of the following processes depends on the formation of vesicles and would therefore be blocked?

cytokinesis in a plant cell Cytokinesis in plant cells would be blocked because the cell plate that ultimately separates one cell into two is formed from coalescing vesicles.

In some organisms such as certain fungi and algae, cells undergo mitosis repeatedly without subsequently undergoing cytokinesis. What would be the consequence of this?

large cells containing many nuclei The term for this type of cell is "multinucleated."