Chapter 8: Aquatic Biodiversity

Coastal, Mangrove

2 types of Coastal Wetlands are ___________ (salt) marshes and ______________ swamps/forests.

plankton, nekton, benthos

3 groups of aquatic organisms: _________________,__________________, and ___________________

water beetles, catfish, amphibians

Adaptations in Lakes and Ponds include _________ __________ use the hairs on their bodies to trap air for their dives to get food, _________________ use their whiskers to sense food in the dark, _______________ burrow into the littoral mud to avoid freezing.

salinity, Marine, 71, Freshwater, 2.2

Aquatic life zones equivalent to terrestrial biomes. Types of organisms found in aquatic life zones are determined by the water's _______________ (amount of salt). Two types of life zones: _____________- estuaries, shorelines, coral reefs, coastal marshes, mangrove swamps, and sea grass beds, and oceans. (______% of Earth's surface) ___________________- lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, and inland wetlands. (______% of Earth's surface)

lenthic, lotic

Freshwater regions include the standing (_____________) bodies: ponds, lakes, freshwater (inland) wetlands. Also includes flowing (______) systems: streams, rivers.

ecosystem, species, genetic, functional

Goods and services of oceans valued at $12 trillion/year. Ecological services included climate moderation, nutrient cycling, CO2 absorption, etc. Economic services include food, animal and pet feed, pharmaceuticals, etc. (look at chart for more). Reservoirs of biodiversity: _______________,____________________,__________________ and _____________________.

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Human impact on wetlands include being seen as wastelands, drained, filled, cleared for development, Florida Everglades used to cover 8 million acres, now only 2 million acres, now many are protected, __________ _______________: Tampa bay Watch: 2,000 high school volunteers raising plants used in restoration projects.

temperature, dissolved oxygen, food, photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, phosphorous, turbidity

Limiting factors of aquatic zones include __________________________, ______________ _____________ (DO), availability of ____________, availability of light and nutrients needed for ________________. ______________(dissolved CO2), ___________________ (NO3-), ________________________ (PO43-), Amount of light affected by ______________ (cloudiness of a liquid due to suspended particles), natural or artificial.

71%, 250,000, 5%

Marine zones cover______ of the planet's surface. Global ocean divided into Atlantic, Pacific (largest: >50% Earth's water; 1/3 Earth's surface), Arctic, and Indian Oceans. 99.5% of the world's habitable volume. __________________ known species of plants and animals. <______ of Earth's oceans have been explored and mapped with the same level of accuracy as the surface of the moon and stars.

weak, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Ultraplankton

Plankton cannot swim against current (so _________ swimmers). Drifters __________________________: drifting plants, including algae, most are microscopic. ___________________________: drifting animals, microscopic or as large as jellyfish. _______________________: huge populations of tiny photosynthetic plankton, responsible for ~70% of primary productivity near surface.

salinity, Sunlight

Plants and animals of coastal ecosystems are able to tolerate variations in ___________ (salt content varies as fresh and salt water mix as tides go in and out). _____________ reaches all the way to bottom of the shallow water (rooted plants such as marsh grass and plankton). Fish, oysters, barnacles, clams feed on plankton. Dolphins, manatees, otters, etc. feed on plants and fish.

Abyssal zone

The ___________ _______________ is deeper than ~2,000 m and shallower then 6,000 m. Upper boundary is depth at which temperature is 4 C (1,000 m to 3,000 m). Largest environment on Earth (3 million km2) at 60% global surface and 82% marine area. Dark and cold, low DO levels, nutrient-rich (marine snow). Deposit feeders (and decomposers), filter feeders, chemosynthetic producers, microbes (including bacteria and viruses), Animals who have adpated to specialize in the dark with light production, slow movement, and smaller size.

neritic, continental, 10%, 90%, commercial fishing, nutrients, sunlight

The coastal (______________) zone is the warm, nutrient-rich, shallow water that extends from the high tide mark on land to the shallow edge of the _________________ shelf. (submerged portion of continents) It makes up >________ of the world's ocean area and contains _______ of all marine species. It is the site of most _________________ _________________. High net primary productivity due to 1) ________________ from land 2) _________________.

Open ocean

________ _____________ is past the continental shelf, one of the last productive of all ecosystems, phytoplankton only live where there is enough light, buoyoncy devices, like air bubbles, keep them near surface. Zooplankton (jellyfish, shrimp, larvae) feed on phytoplankton, fish and mammals feed on zooplankton.

45%, Pollution, overfishing, fishing, invasive, climate change

________ of the world's population lives within 100 kilometers off the coast. 19 mega cities with populations of 10 million of more are in coastal zones. By 2030 6.3 billion people are expected to live on or near coastal zones. ___________ is a threat to oceans. Runoff wastes from cities and industries, sewage, fertilizers (both large-scale agricultural and not), littering, ________________ and non-sustainable ____________ methods. Trawl nets, discarded fishing line. _____________ species and ________ ___________.

middle, Transition, mouth, Floodplain, delta

__________ (____________ zone): width and depth increase and water slows, warms, and becomes more turbid with less dissolved oxygen. more producers and cool-water fish live alongside warmer-water fish. (black bass) _________ (______________ zone): formed from sediment deposition, water is warmer, more turbid (with silt), less dissolved oxygen), algae, cyanobacteria, and rooted plants (along shore), carp, catfish, fish similar to those found in lakes, at the mouth, may divide into channels as it flows through the _________ (area at the mouth built up by sedimentation and containing coastal wetlands and estuaries).

Salt marshes

__________ ___________________ are formed in estuaries in the mud deposited by rivers, absorb pollutants and protect inland areas, support clams, fish, and aquatic birds, act as nurseries for young fish, crap, and shrimp.

Source

__________ zone of streams and rivers: water is cooler, clearer, faster, and shallower, higher oxygen levels, think rapids, low NPP due to lack of nutrients and producers. Nutrients come from leaves, branches, and dead aquatic organisms. Coldwater fish (trout) with streamlined and muscular bodies or compact and flattened bodies. Plants are algae or moss.

Coral reefs

___________ ___________ have limestone ridges, built by coral polyps and photosynthetic algae, coral polyps secrete skeletons made of limestone (calcium carbonate), home to about 1/4 of all marine species, found in shallow, clear tropical and subtropical seas, only outside living, and predators that sting prey, but don't move.

Euphotic zone, Bathayal zone, Abyssal zone

___________ ___________: the upper zone of the open sea where photosynthesis occurs, phytoplankton carry out 40% of world's photosynthesis, few nutrients (except in upwelling zones), high DO, large, fast predatory fish (swordfish, sharks, tuna). __________________ _______________: dimly lit in middle zone does not contain phytoplankton but has various types of zooplankton and small fish (which may feed in euphotic zone at night). ____________ ______________: lowest zone, little oxygen and contains enough nutrients to supprt 98% of the 250,000 species living in the ocean.

Inertidal zone, Rocky shores, Sandy shores, barrier islands

____________ ____________: area of shoreline between low and high tides (~6 hrs between high and low tides with 2 high and 2 low tides per day). Animals adapted to effects of drying and exposure at low tide and immersion at high and must be able to avoid being swept away or crushed by waves. Must hold onto something, burrow, or hide in shells. ____________ ____________: more plants and animals, anchor sea weed and animals that live on it (sea anemones, mussels, and sponges). ___________ ___________: shorebirds hunt at low tide, ____________ _________________ run parallel to sandy shores and protect coastal wetlands and mainland.

Lakes, Artificial, Littoral, Limnetic

____________ are large natural bodies of freshwater formed when precipitation, runoff, streams, rivers, and groundwater seepage fill depressions in Earth's surface. Caused by glaciation, displacement of the crust, and volcanic activity. ______________ lakes: beavers, humans (power, irrigation, water storage recreation). ______________ Zone: zone near shore to depth where rooted plants (cattails, reeds) stop, high biodiversity, turtles, frogs, crawfish, bass, perch, carp. ________________ Zone: open water zone near the surface (sunlit), producers most food and oxygen support, microscopic and phytoplankton, larger migratory species.

Sunlight

____________ penetrates 100 m into the water. Much of life concentrated in shallow coastal waters where sunlight penetrates to bottom, allowing plant life and rivers wash in nutrients.

Threats, hot, cold, coral bleaching

____________ to coral reefs include for the coral to survive, water must not be too ________ or ____________ and too muddy, polluted, or high in nutrients. Otherwise, algae leave or die. __________ _______________: corals turn white (if happens for a long time, coral dies). 50% of coral reefs threatened. Overfishing, oil spills, polluting runoff, and global warming kill reefs.

Surface water, runoff, drainage basin, watershed

_____________ ___________ (water that does not sink into the earth) becomes _________ and enters streams and rivers. every stream and river exists in a ______________ ___________ (_____________) which is the land area that supplies runoff and the particles it is carrying to streams and rivers. Streams join to form rivers and in many cases rivers join to form larger rivers in mountainous regions will be larger. Shape land masses.

Arctic, Antarctic

_____________ is rich in nutrients from surrounding land, supports plankton and fish in open water and below ice, ocean birds, whales, seals, polar bears, people. ____________________ is only continent never colonized by people, only a few plants grow in summer, plankton basis of food web, fish, whales, birds.

Threats

_____________ to Coastal Ecosystems include solid waste landfills, pollutants such as sewage, industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and cities built on estuaries (6 out of 10 of largest urban areas in the world).

threats

_____________ to rivers include people using river water in homes and manufacturing, dumping sewage and trash (kills organisms and makes river fish unsuitable to eating), run-off puts pesticides and poisons into rivers (makes sediments toxic), dams.

Mangrove swamps

______________ ______________ are dense growths of mangrove trees in swampy areas found in tropical and subtropical areas. 69 species of small trees adapted for growing in shallow salt water, most have wide, above-ground root systems. Help protect coastline from erosion and reduce damage from storms. Habitat for ~2,000 animal species, and historically provided sustainable timber to coastal communities.

Freshwater, hydric soil

_______________ (Inland) Wetlands: located away from coastal areas and covered wit heater all or part of the time (at least 7.5% of the growing season) excluding rivers and lakes, etc. Seasonal wetlands (underwater or soggy for only short periods perhaps years apart): prairie potholes, food plain wetlands, bottomland hardwood swamps, cattails, bulrushes, red maples. Marshes (grasses), swamps (woody plains), and bogs (like those in arctic tundra), _______ __________ (remains wet long enough to create oxygen poor conditions) and hydrophilic plants, nutrient-rich so high NPP. Game fish, beavers, muskrats, otters, migratory waterfowl and other birds.

Environmental Functions

_______________ ______________ of Wetlands include absorbing and removing pollutants, controlling flooding, feeding and spawning sites of freshwater game fish, habitat for native and migratory wildlife, buffer shorelines against erosion, trap carbon in atmosphere, recreation.

Cultural eutrophication, artificial, excess nutrients

_______________ ____________________: ______________ eutrophication that is caused by ___________ _____________ and leads to the death of a body of water. Begins when fertilizers, detergents, and human waste (runoff) end up in a lake or pond. Leads to large amount of algae and plant growth. Lots of bacteria feed on this life- use up oxygen. Loss of oxygen kills many organisms.

Estuaries, nutrient trap

_________________ are a partially enclosed area where fresh water from a river mixes with salt water from the ocean. A _________ __________ is where waters meet, currents cause mineral-rich mud and nutrients to fall to the bottom. The nutrients are available to the producers. Surrounding land protect estuaries from harsh waves. Many daily and seasonal abiotic variations.

Nekton, Benthos

_________________: free-swimming organisms (strong swimmers). ex: turtles, whales, most fish. __________________: bottom-dwelling organisms, anchor themselves to ocean floor, burrow, walk around. ex: mussels, worms, barnacles. Decomposers

Coastal Wetlands

____________________ ________________ are coastal land areas covered by salt water for all or part of the day and are associated with estuaries. It is habitat for wildlife, recreation for people, prevents flooding by absorbing excess rain, and filters out pollutants and sediment.

Profundal, Benthic

_____________________ Zone: deep, open water, too dark for photosynthesis and low oxygen. _____________ Zone: deepest layer, nourished by dead matter that falls to bottom and sediment washing into lake, decomposers, detritus feeders, some fish.

oligotrophic, eutrophic, mesotrophic

______________________: small (poor) supply of plants nutrients so low net primary productivity (NPP), generally deep with steep banks and crystal clear water, supplied by glaciers and mountain streams, small populations of phytoplankton and fish (smallmouth bass, trout). ____________________: occurs when sediment, organic matter, and inorganic nutrients wash into a lake, plants grow and decomposition forms bottom sediments, large supply of nutrients so high NPP, shallow with murky brown or green water and high turbidity. ______________________ lakes fall in between the other 2 in terms of characteristics and nutrient levels.