Chapter 8: Diversity & Social Justice in Group Work

What are 4 major Hispanic/latino subgroups in the U.S.?

- Mexican Americans (65%) - Central and South Americans (21%) - Puerto Ricans (10%) - Cuban Americans (4%)

In what ways can groups have discussions about social justice issues according to Burnes and Ross (2010)?

- being intentional about having diversity of group membership and avoiding representation/token members of a marginalized community - using structured activities to talk about issues of privilege and oppression - facilitate consciousness-raising and create awareness of social justice by processing issues of oppression

What factors contribute to a group's outcome?

- match between group leader's and client's respective stages of racial consciousness

True or False. African Americans and Hispanic often don't do well in various group settings.

False -they tend to do well

True or False. Native Americans usually value direct eye contact when listening and less while talking.

False. - Native Americans may avoid eye contact when talking about something serious

In 1997, the Association for Specialists in Group Work endorsed the _____ a. Multicultural Counseling Competencies and Standards b. Principles for Diversity-Competent Group Workers c. Multicultural and Social Justice Competence Principles for Group Workers

a. Multicultural Counseling Competencies and Standards

All of the following are examples of factors that contribute to effective intercultural communication EXCEPT... a. experiential learning b. cultural identity c. animosity d. language

c. animosity other example: values, counselor knowledge and personal characteristics

______ mainly focus on other topics, such as substance abuse, but pay attention to diversity of their members as an important group issue. a. culture-specific groups b. interpersonal learning groups c. other-content-focused groups

c. other-content-focused groups

According to the 2016 U.S. Census, ___ reported as Hispanic. a. 13.3% b. 1.3% c. 5.7% d. 17.8%

d. 17.8%

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe findings for group work with African Americans? a. historically avoided the use of professional helping services b. commonly shares positive values of worldview include importance of family, creative expression, and spirituality c. more research has focused on women and youth d. most research has focused on men and youth

d. most research has focused on men and youth - share common bond of the legacy of slavery and bondage in U.S. - group work is appropriate b/c of their collectivist culture - relevant if grounded in African American culture - emphasis on social responsibility for others - safety in numbers' principle makes it easier for some African Americans to disclose before a group than individual professional helper

Diversity

- associated with race, ethnicity, language, culture, gender, socioeconomic class, sexual orientation, religion, ableism, disability - differences in communication styles, messages, and behaviors affect the ways in which groups are set up and conducted

What are some outcomes that diverse groups can reach?

- bridge the gap of differences - become more creative in problem solving - grow in their cognitive and moral reasoning - learn to view matters from a new perspective

How can cognitive appraisal theory be applied to psychoeducational multicultural groups?

- group members taught to identify links between appraisals of events and people and their emotions - learn that individuals can make various interpretations about events and people including negative, positive, and surprise - 4 stage model: didactic intro, discovery, deeper insight, final integration and appraisal flexibility phase - changing appraisal can lead to a different emotion and result in a greater understanding of cultures outside of their own

To be a leader of a diverse and multicultural group with skills and competencies, an individual must:

- have an awareness of different cultural worldview and subsequent impact on group work interventions - have a self-awareness of racial identity and personal and cultural worldviews - focus on development of a repertoire of culturally relevant group work interventions

What outcomes have been found to be associated with group treatment among minorities in the U.S.?

- reduced depression - positive psychosocial health among African American women - decreased rearrests rates for Latino and African American men on probation - increased problem-focused coping and social problem-solving skills

What are 4 examples of strategies that can be used to increase awareness and abilities of group leaders in culturally diverse groups?

1) Consulting with minority counselors about working with groups they may already be serving 2) Having group leaders become immersed in culturally enriching and sensitive traditions 3) Noting needs and issues of minorities 4) taking language lessons and pronunciation training to be comfortable and correct when speaking culturally specific circumstances

What are 6 clinical recommendations for working with Arab American populations?

1) being aware of cultural context 2) being mindful of issue of leadership and importance that authority figures play in their lives 3) being attentive to the part that the extended family plays in decision making 4) being sensitive to the large part culture plays as an active and tangible co-participant in treatment

According to Anderson, what are 5 factors every group leader needs to be conscious of?

1) culture 2) worldview 3) identities 4) statuses 5) demographics

According to DeLucia-Waack (1996), diverse and multicultural groups, regardless of their emphasis have 3 common goals:

1) to understand the situation that brought individuals to group from a cultural perspective 2) to approach all events and behavior in group from a functional perspective 3) to help members make sense of new behaviors, beliefs, and skills within a cultural context

True or False. Groups can be homogenous so focusing on diversity isn't needed.

False - people are unique - highlighting differences and similarities among people can lead to progress

True or False. Discussion of racial or cultural differences is offensive to group members and is best never mentioned.

False. - acknowledging cultural differences can increase group cohesion; no longer taboo - decreases misunderstanding or misperceptions of each other based on silence or presumptions

True or False. Group work theories are appropriate for all clients all the time.

False. - most theories are focused on Eurocentric notions of mental health and functional relationships - focus on individual and verbalization, emphasis on risk-taking, and importance of group leader (not worldwide) - members must discuss norms and structure a framework that'll be helpful to all

In ____, an emphasis is placed on collective history of a people as an identified group and individual differences among members.

Multiculturalism

True or False. African Americans usually value direct eye contact while talking and less while listening.

True

True or False. Many Asian Americans don't respond well to traditional group psychotherapy process b/c culture teaches them not to share personal problems or confront others in public.

True

True or False. Parenting groups and 12-step programs seem to be effective with some nonrefugee Arab immigrant groups.

True - Group counseling poses some problematic issues for war refugees due to paranoid symptoms accompanying diagnosis of PTSD

True or False. European Americans usually value direct eye contact while listening and less while talking.

True - cultural heritage will influence levels of comfort and patterns of interaction for better or for worse depending on group leader's knowledge and other group members

True or False. Task and psychoeducational group members are influenced by beliefs, experiences, and cultural interactions, which affects outcome and process.

True - culture plays a major part in how and when members in task and psychoeducational groups interact

____ is the positive ways Whites have benefitted from racism, such as disproportionate access to social and economic resources.

White privilege

According to the 2016 U.S. Census, ___ reported as African American a. 13.3% b. 1.3% c. 5.7% d. 17.8%

a. 13.3%

All of the following are clinical considerations for working in groups with Arab Americans EXCEPT... a. being a non-directive leader b. being an active group worker and balancing the role c. being sensitive to culture playing an active role d. being conscious that strength-based approach works better

a. being a non-directive leader Others: - being aware of cultural context - being mindful of issue of leadership and importance that authority figures play in their lives - being attentive to the part that the extended family plays in decision making - being sensitive to the large part culture plays as an active and tangible co-participant in treatment - not be seen as a rescuer or threat

____ focus on a specific cultural population where members are of the same or similar background. a. culture-specific groups b. interpersonal learning groups c. other-content-focused groups

a. culture-specific groups

_____ is a lack of awareness of how issues of diversity impact intra and interpersonal interactions within the group. a. naivety b. multicultural integration c. liberatory critical consciousness d. empowerment

a. naivety - stage 1 of dimensions of social justice - leader assumes all interactions are universal and equal - multicultural variables aren't examined

_____ is when group members expand their advocacy skills into the larger community and society as a whole. a. social justice advocacy b. multicultural integration c. liberatory critical consciousness d. empowerment

a. social justice advocacy - 5th stage of dimensions of social justice - not every group reaches this stage - anxiety associated with the stage b/c it may bring group members into conflict with other professionals

In ______, young Native American men coming of are retreat to a secluded spot in nature and sit in a sacred circle where they deprive themselves of food, water, sleep, and shelter for days, seeking an auditory or visual message about themselves, others, and the earth. a. vision quest b. sweat lodge ceremony c. talking circle d. inner circle/outer circle approach

a. vision quest - after returning to society, they share their vision in a ritualized group setting - involves group therapeutic factors as universality, cohesion, and acceptance

According to the 2016 U.S. Census, ___ reported as Native American a. 13.3% b. 1.3% c. 5.7% d. 17.8%

b. 1.3%

According to the 2016 U.S. Census, ___ reported as European American. a. 13.3% b. 61.3% c. 5.7% d. 17.8%

b. 61.3%

In 1999, the Association for Specialists in Group Work adopted... a. Multicultural Counseling Competencies and Standards b. Principles for Diversity-Competent Group Workers c. Multicultural and Social Justice Competence Principles for Group Workers

b. Principles for Diversity-Competent Group Workers

______ are designed to promote a greater understanding across cultural groups and contain members from different cultural backgrounds. a. culture-specific groups b. interpersonal learning groups c. other-content-focused groups

b. interpersonal learning groups

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe findings for group work with Arab Americans? a. Arab cultures emphasize social stability and the collective b. most Arab Americans are Muslim c. most Arab Americans are Christian d. Arab cultures seek outside help from group workers only as last resort

b. most Arab Americans are Muslim - there are more than 3 million Arab Americans in the U.S., most of whom are Christian (66%), while others are Muslim (24%) - Muslim traditions and values are often upheld by Muslim and Christian Arab Americans - Differences include social class, level of education, language (Arabic has different dialects), relative conservatism of the country of origin, time of immigration, level of acculturation - Education is valued; 4 in 10 Arab Americans have earned a bachelor's degree or higher - patriarchal patterns of authority, conservative sexual standards, and importance of self-sacrifice prevail - emphasis on importance of honor and shame b/c people in Arab cultures seek outside help from group workers as last resort

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe findings for group work with LGBTQI groups? a. most groups have been processing/counseling groups b. most groups have been task or psychoeducational c. some bisexual men may link their self-worth to accelerated aging d. mixed groups have been successful

b. most groups have been task or psychoeducational - empirical estimates have suggested that 6-10% of American population identifies as lesbian or gay; other categories are unknown - LGBTQI: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Questioning, Intersex - common concerns: sexism, homophobia, career, life development, and social justice - mixed groups (heterosexual, gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, and intersex) have been successful - accelerated aging: process of defining oneself as older - critical for group workers to explore own sexuality - LGBTQ Response Model for Supervision of Group Work: transtheoretical framework through which group leaders can plan and implement group interventions with members of this population

____ is when the group leader moves out of an ethnocentric lens and recognizes each member's richness of cultural elements. a. naivety b. multicultural integration c. liberatory critical consciousness d. empowerment

b. multicultural integration - 2nd stage of dimensions of social justice - group potency improved - not a lot of depth to discussions - awareness levels of culture and diversity stay on surface level

_____ is a life transformation ceremony including Native American individuals of any age. They undergo a ritualized cleansing of mind, body, and spirit. a. vision quest b. sweat lodge ceremony c. talking circle d. inner circle/outer circle approach

b. sweat lodge ceremony - blasts of hot steam are created by pouring a mix of water and herbs over heated rocks; it becomes a type of counseling center and place for group therapy -4 phase process is similar to other group processes: entrance (exploration), threshold, (transition), purification (working), emergence (consolidation/closure)

According to the 2016 U.S. Census, ___ reported as Asian American a. 13.3% b. 61.3% c. 5.7% d. 17.8%

c. 5.7%

In 2012, the Association for Specialists in Group Work adopted.... a. Multicultural Counseling Competencies and Standards b. Principles for Diversity-Competent Group Workers c. Multicultural and Social Justice Competence Principles for Group Workers

c. Multicultural and Social Justice Competence Principles for Group Workers

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe findings for group work with Native American Indians? a. common values include emphasis on cooperation, health, holism, and spirituality b. groups have been found to be more appropriate than individual counseling c. individual counseling has been more appropriate than groups d. art therapies overcome barriers of culture and socioeconomic status

c. individual counseling has been more appropriate than groups - before group counseling was est., Native peoples were using group approaches for therapeutic benefits of creating and maintaining harmony and balance in personal, social, environmental and spiritual realms - common values: cooperation, health, holism, sharing, spirituality, healing, extended family orientation - 4 crucial elements relevant to wellness from Native American Indian perspective: belonging, mastery, independence, and generosity - Native American indian's culture revolves around harmony, noniterference, and balancing of dualities

____ is when members gain a more expansive understanding of self and the conditions that help form their beliefs a. naivety b. multicultural integration c. liberatory critical consciousness d. empowerment

c. liberatory critical consciousness - 3rd stage of dimensions of social justice - members are exposed to others' learning and able to pace their own and others' learning and able to place their own and others' learning into context of something bigger

In the _____, the group leader uses a go-round procedure and all assembled use "I" statements to express thoughts and feelings in conversation and prayer. a. vision quest b. sweat lodge ceremony c. talking circle d. inner circle/outer circle approach

c. talking circle - includes cultural identity components for Native American Indians - arts can be powerful communication b/c American Indian group members may be reserved in their level of self-disclosure when they are among non-Indians

All of the following can be modifications to effectively work with diverse populations in group contexts EXCEPT... a. having an understanding of culture b. applying group theory and techniques congruent with cultural beliefs and behaviors c. using one universal approach for all cultures d. acknowledge, explore, and use group member differences to facilitate change and growth

c. using one universal approach for all cultures - e.g. of modifying group theory & technique: applying cognitive appraisal theory to psychoeducational multicultural groups

____ is the set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people, communicated from one generation the next via language or some other means of communication.

culture

According to the 2016 U.S. Census, ___ reported as two or more races. a. 13.3% b. 1.3% c. 5.7% d. 2.6%

d. 2.6%

Contexts in which culturally diverse groups are to be found include: a. racial-cultural sensitivity groups b. alcohol and other drug abuse recovery programs c. career development and job training programs d. all of the above

d. all of the above - - groups conducted inside correctional facilities

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe findings for group work with Asian Americans? a. shared cultural values include verbal nonassertiveness, reluctance to display strong emotions in front of strangers b. groups featuring practical concerns seem to be successful and well attended c. stage-specific interactive approaches have been effective d. challenging the group leader is common

d. challenging the group leader is common - model minority myth: highly successful with no serious problems - group work values: openness, expression of feelings, directness - saving face: not embarrassing oneself or disgracing one's family - many Asian Americans have been taught to respect authority and see group leader as individual of authority - successful groups: career choices, immigration, academic topics, communication skills - stage-specific approach: respond to specific tasks and challenges in each stage

All of the following are examples of factors that inhibit effective intercultural communication EXCEPT.... a. apathy b. ethnocentrism c. prejudice d. counselor knowledge

d. counselor knowledge other examples: inexperience, impatience, animosity

All of the following are reasons for the delay in dealing with diversity & social justice groups EXCEPT.... a. emphasis on group movement was forgotten and discarded soon after Lewin's death b. culturally diverse group members were not considered to be significantly different from dominant group members c. culturally minority members weren't considered to have a significant influence on group dynamics d. culturally dominant groups mainly sought group

d. culturally dominant groups mainly sought group - 40's: Lewin and associates wanted to train community leaders to work more effectively in reducing tensions among interracial groups and facilitate changes in racial/ethnic attitudes

___ is when group members find their voice as the atmosphere within the group promotes self-advocacy. a. naivety b. multicultural integration c. liberatory critical consciousness d. empowerment

d. empowerment - 4th stage of dimensions of social justice - social justice issues are integrated into a wide range of group work applications - members role-play different ways of acting and receive feedback as they use their knowledge of diversity and multiculturalism to become aware of how they wish to address issues such as racism and oppression

In the ____, group members divide and sit in two concentric circles. Inner circle members describe what's painful or frustrating in their lives with their fists clenched so they can feel tension physically and emotionally. a. vision quest b. sweat lodge ceremony c. talking circle d. inner circle/outer circle approach

d. inner circle/outer circle approach - way of working with Native American Indians in groups - outer circle members sit with open palms - tensions of inner circle are slowly released into open hands - each outer circle member stakes opportunity to share with their inner circle member specific themes, key words, or underlying feelings - therapeutic value comes from interaction of circles and bringing together of people physically, mentally, and spiritually through an interrelationship process

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe findings for group work with Hispanics? a. shared values include importance of family, interdependence, and cooperation b. Spanish is the language of emotions b/c it was in Spanish that affective meanings were originally encoded c. stress may be reduced and depression modified while a sense of belonging, respect, and affirmation is enhanced d. shared values include independence, completion, and nuclear families

d. shared values include independence, completion, and nuclear families - differences include use of language, religious rituals, and celebrations - Hispanic women tend to be reserved than Hispanic men - leader may need to draw out Hispanic women who have been most socialized in their cultural tradition - support groups for Chicanas have helped build personal and professional systems, feel validates, develop skills and strategies to negotiate personal and educational difficulties, and discuss cultural values within group context - Cuento Therapy: effective with middle school children living in rural communities

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe findings for group work with European Americans? a. many second and third generation European Americans may share more in common with minority culture populations b. differences are based on the degree and type of identity people of white skin color have with White culture c. collectively future-time oriented, competitive, individualistic, and rational d. there are more between-group differences than within-group differences

d. there are more between-group differences than within-group differences - European Americans: majority culture - White skin color provides outer link of similarity and some assumptions of alikeness that bring people together - skin color may lead to insensitivity about self or others - White Americans often have difficulty perceiving themselves as members of a cultural group and often refer to themselves as 'American' or a person without regard to race - differences are based on the degree and type of identity people of white skin color have with White culture - European Americans who understand their own worldview, cultural values, and racial identity are more likely than not to have a positive influence on others - very little professional literature on working with European Americans in groups

What does the acronym KOFFE stand for?

group counseling model for working with African Americans (K)nowledge (O)pen Communication (F)aith (F)amily (E)mpowerment

_______ allows leaders to deal with prejudices, biases, and racist elements in their lives that have either been passed on from a previous generation or learned through isolated incidents and generalized.

self-awareness regarding cross-cultural interactions

_______ is striving for the fair and equitable distribution of power, resources, and obligations in society of all people regardless of their background

social justice - emphasizes empowerment, self-determination, advocacy, and change

______ and _____ are used in groups to protect against feelings of inadequacy and vulnerability, which underlie racial and cultural prejudice.

splitting and projection identification