Chapter 8 - Everyday Memory

We generally cannot remember life events that occur before which age?

4 years old

Episodic Memory

Memory for events from your life

Research shows which of the following is true regarding autobiographical memories and depression

Negative memories are associated with increased levels of physiological arousal in individuals with higher rates of depression

During childhood, the brain produces a lot of new neurons in the hippocampus. This is called ...

Neurogenesis

The process of reconsolidation has been explored in regards to therapeutic techniques in order to help patients suffering from

PTSD

Which group of individuals did not experience different perceptual processing of emotional words while completing an emotional attentional blink task?

Patients with left amygdala damage

Which of the following types of autobiographical memory refers to sequences of events that are all related?

General events

Grace, Dewhurst, & Anderson (2016) found a correlation between self-representation and depression. What were their results?

Higher rates of internal reflection without expressing them is correlated to higher rates of depression

Which verb did Loftus and Palmer (1974) use that led to the highest ratings of speed?

Smashed

General Events

Somewhat specific memories of sequences of events, categorize by a theme ex: Buying your 1st car

Recognizing a person but not knowing where you've seen them before is an example of an error occurring due to ...

Source monitoring

How long does our memory for autobiographical information last?

Theoretically, a lifetime

The reminiscence bump is a period of time from our lives in which we are more likely to remember events when we become middle-aged (e.g., 50 years old). The average US citizen is likely to experience a reminiscence bump during ...

late adolescence & early adulthood

Autobiographical Memory can be ...

- Declarative - Social - Self-representation

Elizabeth Loftus found that ...

- Memories can be altered by information after the original encoding - Completely novel false memories can be created

Possible explanations for Infantile Amnesia ...

- Neurogenesis = "overwrite" of memories - Language processing = underdeveloped language processing → unable to encode a declarative story - State-dependent memories = children experience emotions differently than adults

What is one piece of evidence that shows that children under 4 are learning?

- The brain is most plastic at this stage and new neural connections are forming - Children can learn two languages easily at this stage - Pruning of connections occurs as the brain learn what is needed

Flashbulb Memory

A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard

Infantile Amensia

Adults remember very few (or no) episodic memories from before 2-4 years old

... is one area of the brain considered important for processing and encoding emotional memories

Amygdala

Damage to which of the following areas would be most likely to impair processing and encoding of emotional memories?

Amygdala

Lifetime Period

Broadest memories relating to segmented time periods ex: Childhood & high school

Which of these is not a reason suggested for why infantile/childhood amnesia occurs?

Children do not consolidate memories in the first place

What is the term for the neural strengthening and storage of memories?

Consolidation

Researchers presented a list of words such as glove, finger, shake, and thumb to participants without ever showing them the word "hand." Nonetheless, many subjects report seeing the word "hand." This paradigm used to demonstrate the suggestibility of memory is referred to as the ...

DRM paradigm

Which type of memory do individuals with HSAM show increased performance for?

Declarative

Whenever Mary is asked how she and John met, she instantly remembers how John bumped into her while she was leaving a store. The collision caused her to drop her bags, and he felt so bad that he offered to help her carry her bags. They started talking and eventually got dinner! Her ability to relive that memory and vividly remember her feelings and the conversation is which type of memory?

Event-specific knowledge

Autobiographical (Episodic) Memory

Events that have happened to us

Vividly remembering where you were during the April 15th, 2013 terrorist attack of the Boston Marathon would be an example of ... memory

Flashbulb

Directive

Guiding future directions

Event-Specific Knowledge

Highly specific memories of times, places, actions ex: Mental Time Travel

Which area of the brain is most likely to experience neurogenesis across your lifespan?

Hippocampus

Social

Increase interpersonal bonds

Talricao and Rubin (2003) found that as inconsistencies with flashbulb memories increase, confidence, or belief ...

Increases

Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM)

Individuals whose episodic memories don't fade as normal (can remember everything)

Our inability to remember events from before the age of 4 is called ...

Infantile Amnesia

Self-Representation

Internal reflections that aid identity cohesion

What does the critical lure refer to in the DRM paradigm?

It is the categorical gist of the list subjects are exposed to

This broad category of autobiographical memory represents major, distinguishable portions of our lives that have a specific beginning and ending in time

Lifetime period

Semantic Memory

Memory for general knowledge

One function of autobiographical memory is theorized to be allowing us to reminisce about the past or imagine future events. This is referred to as which of the following?

Mental time traveling

Incorrect information changing a memory is referred to as the ...

Misinformation effect

Based on the available evidence, which of these is true of 'Flashbulb Memories'?

People often feel as if they are resistant to forgetting

Jamey was in a car accident when she was ten. She vividly remembers hearing a horn honking right before the cars collided. Now whenever she hears a horn honk while she is driving, she immediately becomes braces for an impact, becomes terrified, and relives that original accident. Jamey is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Post Traumatic Stress Related Disorders

Each time you rethink of an old memory it is susceptible to change. This is because the memory will undergo

Reconsolidation

The Misinformation Effect can be considered a form of ...

Reconsolidation

Sheri is 65 and finds that she struggles to remember information from her early 30s, but is surprised that she can still remember her high school years quite well. Sheri is experiencing the ...

Reminiscence bump

Research suggests that people who experience depression are more likely to internally reflect on the past but not share those memories than people without depression. Which function of autobiographical memory autobiographical memory is most likely involved?

Self-representation

Memories for general knowledge and facts are which type of memory?

Semantic

Judy is at a party and she sees a woman she swears she knows, but she cannot think of where they would have met. This is an example of

Source monitoring

False Memories (Loftus & Palmer)

Suggests that event memory is integrated with other details during encoding

Deese-Roediger-Mcdermott (DRM) Paradigm

Suggests that recall of declarative memories are utilize a constructive process

Patients with which area of damage have the highest level of forgetting of flashbulb memories?

Temporal lobe damage

Reminiscence Bump

Tendency for older adults to have increased recollection for events that occurred during their adolescence and early adulthood

What is the pattern of memory retention of flashbulb events for older adults?

The emotional content appears to provide a protective factor for the memory compared to neutral daily events

Which form of questions should an interviewer use while questioning a witness?

The interviewer should use open-ended questions

Neurogenesis

The process of new cells developing

According to the video on HSAM, how are individuals tested?

They are given dates and asked to identify public events that occurred on that day

Loftus and Palmer (1974) used different verbs when interviewing subjects about a car accident. Which best describes their results?

Words used on the questioning influenced participants' speed estimates

Which of these is not a viable possible explanation for infantile amnesia?

Young children never encode the information in memory in the first place

Ted cannot remember anything from before his 3rd birthday and also feels like he cannot remember much of what happened to him before the age of 10. In this case, Ted ...

is completely normal

Neisser and Harsch (1992) interviewed people the day after the Challenger disaster had occurred and recorded them recounting their experience that day. They went back to the same people years after the events had taken place and again recorded their memories. They found ...

people often remembered very different and conflicting pieces of information and were highly confident in their memories