Chapter 8: Introduction and Motivational Concepts and Theories

Amygdala

After a car accident, Omar is left with damage to his _____. His doctor tells him he will likely be able to remember something that he had already come to fear, but he will not experience the emotional effect when he is exposed to it.

esteem.

All of Ernest's basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Maslow, this suggests that he will next seek to satisfy his need for:

satisfy basic physiological and safety needs

According to Maslow, a person must first _____ before he or she can try to find meaning in life and contemplate what it means to be alive.

Genetics

Although instinct theory fell out of favor, the general idea that some human behaviors are influenced by _____ remains an important part of understanding human motivation.

Intensity

As Jeri approaches the week before midterms, she starts canceling social plans and begins spending all of her time in the library, sometimes even forgetting to eat or sleep in order to prepare for the exams. Which characteristic of motivation is Jeri showing?

see an oncoming car; heart pounds; experience fear

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which is the correct sequence of events when a car drives directly toward a person the person experiences emotion?

Humanistic

According to the _____ theory of motivation, psychological and cognitive factors are the essential elements in motivation.

decreases salivation and increases blood pressure.

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system:

stay relatively constant.

Despite day-to-day variability in eating behavior, body weight, including stores of body fat, tends to:

the two-factor theory

Eva's boyfriend, Josh, has just gotten down on one knee and is asking her to marry him. Eva's heart starts to pound and she feels joy. A month ago, Eva was feeling very afraid at a horror movie and her heart was pounding then too, but she felt fear, not joy. Which theory BEST explains Eva's emotional response?

decreased appetite and weight.

Increased levels of insulin result in:

hypothalamus

Insulin signals the _____ in order to regulate hunger.

Emotional

It has been shown that many forms of motivation have a(n) _____ component, which encourages the initiation and persistence of behavior.

Drive

It is nearly noon, and Jan is very hungry. She takes out her sandwich and begins to eat. According to _____ theory, Jan's eating is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

activation, persistence, and intensity.

Jennalyn is so motivated to become a nurse that she decided to attend an accelerated nursing program and is working diligently to get through it. Her behavior shows evidence of the three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation, which are:

Positively

Levels of leptin and body fat are _____ correlated.

esteem

Maria has satisfied all of her basic biological needs and her safety and belongingness needs. According to Maslow, Maria would next be focused on meeting her _____ needs.

ghrelin

Rory just studied motivation theory, eating, and weight in his psychology class. He would like to gain about 10 pounds. He says to his friend from class, "I wish I knew where to get some more _____ to help me gain weight!"

He feels fear.

Sleeping alone in his apartment, Allan hears a noise in the middle of the night. His heart starts to pound, and he jumps out of bed trembling. Since an emotional response is made up of physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience, what is the third component Allan experiences in this event?

innate; universal

The tenets of the humanistic theories of motivation--striving for a positive self-concept and human potential--are considered by humanists to be both _____ and _____.

Arousal

The theory of motivation that best explains a desire to seek out novel experiences for their own sake is the _____ theory.

Arousal

The theory of motivation that best explains sensation-seeking behavior such as riding roller coasters is the _____ theory.

To better understand what motivates a person's behavior, Donnie is reading a book about drive theories. He finds that the psychologists _____ are described in the book as leading drive theorists.

To better understand what motivates a person's behavior, Donnie is reading a book about drive theories. He finds that the psychologists _____ are described in the book as leading drive theorists.

Incentive

A(n)_____ is a "pull" toward external goals that motivates behavior.

self-actualization.

Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by the opinions of others display:

self-actualization.

According to Maslow's hierarchy, a person who is open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by the opinions of others is displaying:

Self-esteem

According to Maslow's theory, a person whose basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and who feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved is MOST apt to seek to satisfy the need for:

fight-or-flight; sympathetic

As Karen is preparing to present her research paper in her psychology class, she is filled will fear. She starts to sweat, and she notices that her mouth is very dry. Physiologically, Karen is experiencing the _____ response that is activated by her _____ nervous system.

self-actualization.

At this point in his life, Eugene believes that he is fully using his talents, capacities, and potentialities. According to Maslow, Eugene has achieved:

Betina will eat something if she can.

Betina's glucose levels have dropped slightly. Knowing this one can reliably predict that:

increase; increase

Bilal has lost twenty pounds. His weight is below its optimal set-point. One would expect his levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to _____ in order to _____ hunger and fat storage.

maintain homeostasis.

By motivating people to satisfy their physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to:

Weight Cycle

Gaining and losing weight over and over is called:

Sensation Seekers

Having a high need for varied, complex, and unique sensory experiences is true of individuals whom psychologists describe as:

display rules.

Hazel is telling her friends about an experience she had with her supervisor at work. She says, "I was so angry, but I didn't let it show." Hazel has abided by the social regulations governing emotional expression called:

evolutionary

In explaining why people raise eyebrows when surprised, the _____ perspective would posit that this is universal and adaptive because it helps focus vision on something unexpected that could be dangerous.

Happiness

In his famous text Principles of Psychology, William James identified all these human instincts EXCEPT:

Potential

In motivation theory based on the work of Maslow and Rogers, human _____ is the key motivator.

Drive

In motivation theory, the push for one to behave in certain ways in order to reduce a state of internal tension caused by unmet biological needs is called a(n):

Learning

Incentive theory, which proposes that behavior is motivated by external reward, is largely influenced by the work of _____ theorists.

belongingness and love needs

Maurice has plenty of food and lives in a nice house. Now he feels he needs to find a soul-mate, or even a close friend or two, with whom he can share his life. According to Maslow, what is motivating Maurice?

her blood glucose level has dropped.

Monique hasn't eaten since early this morning. It is now time for dinner. Her stomach is growling, and she feels very hungry. One reason that she is feeling hungry is because:

The need for self- actualization

Most of Dakota's friends look at him with respect. He is self-aware, self-accepting, and open. He is spontaneous and caring, and does not worry about other people's opinions. According to Maslow, it is likely that Dakota is motivated by:

baseline body weight.

Nuam is consulting a nutritionist about her weight. After being weighed and having her vitals taken, the nutritionist asks her for her average body weight. This is also known as her:

amygdala

On a family hiking trip, Nori comes across a rattlesnake in her path and starts screaming. It is likely that Nori's _____ has been activated in her brain, given its role in the emotional response of fear in humans

return to baseline even before the food is digested.

Once Juanita begins eating, her glucose levels will:

motivate a person to take some sort of action.

One of the differences between an "emotion" and a "mood" is that an emotion is MORE likely to:

intrinsically motivated.

People work MOST hard to achieve a goal when they are:

sensory-specific

Some friends have just returned from eating sandwiches at a local deli. After eating a huge sandwich, everyone is very full and cannot imagine eating anymore. One of the friends discovers she has an extra bag of chips in her purse and offers it to the group. Suddenly, everyone wants to eat the chips. This is probably due to the fact that they have experienced _____ satiety regarding the sandwich.

Thematic Apperception Test

The _____ is designed to measure different motivational themes; it consists of a series of ambiguous pictures.

drive

The _____ theory proposes that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

Persistence

The characteristic of motivation known as _____ is demonstrated by continued efforts or the determination to achieve a particular goal.

interpersonal engagement

The dimension of emotion known as _____ reflects the idea that some emotions result from one's social connections and interactions.

Insulin

The hormone _____ is secreted by the pancreas and helps to control blood levels of glucose and promotes the uptake of glucose by the muscles and other body tissues.

Rogers; Maslow

The humanistic theories of motivation, championed by psychologists _____ and _____, viewed motivation as arising from the desire to realize one's highest personal potential.

Activation

The initiation or production of behavior associated with motivation is also known as:

amygdala.

The instantaneous and automatic fear response experienced when unexpectedly stumbling upon a snake illustrates the importance of the:

did not explain much human behavior.

The instinct theory of motivation fell out of favor because it:

Hierarchy of needs

The most famous model of the humanistic theory of motivation is Maslow's:

autonomy

The psychological need to determine, control, and organize one's own behavior and goals so that they are in harmony with one's own interests and values is known as _____ in self-determination theory.

Abraham Maslow

The psychologist _____ developed a model of motivation that ranked various human needs.

Basal Metabolic rate

The rate at which the body uses energy while lying down at rest is called:

Reinforcing stimulus

The taste of food can be considered a:

intrinsically motivated.

When a Jeff works hardest to achieve a goal, it is most likely that he is:

Hunger

When blood glucose level drops, _____ increases.

anthropomorphism.

When human traits, qualities, or behaviors are attributed to a nonhuman animal it is known as:

Ghrelin levels increase

When people diet and lose weight what happens to ghrelin?

metabolism.

When people reduce food intake, their bodies respond by decreasing:

cognitive appraisals.

Whether one feels angry or depressed in response to a low exam grade depends on whether one attributes the poor grade to an unfair test or to one's own lack of academic ability. This best illustrates that emotions are influenced by:

It encourages a focus on psychological needs as motivators.

Which is NOT a major criticism of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Eating is only triggered by a drastic drop in blood glucose levels.

Which is NOT one of the physiological and psychological factors affecting the motivation to eat?

It is a complex matter, influenced by many factors.

Which statement BEST reflects the nature of hunger and eating?

"We are afraid because we tremble and run."

Which statement accurately summarizes the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Maslow

Who organized human needs into a hierarchy ranging from physiological needs to the need for self-actualization?

metabolism; energy level

Zelda is reading a popular book on how to lose weight. She is surprised to learn that there are physiological reasons for why it is easier to gain weight than to lose weight. She learns that as caloric intake is reduced and fat cells begin to shrink, a person's body actively defends against weight loss by decreasing both _____ rate and _____.

Insulin

_____ is a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control blood glucose.

Ghrelin

_____ is a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach.

Motivation

_____ is a need or desire that initiates and directs behavior.

Homeostasis

_____ is maintained by the motivation to satisfy such physical needs as hunger and thirst.

Intensity

_____ is seen in the greater vigor of responding that usually accompanies motivated behavior.

Competence

_____ is the innate and universal psychological need to learn and master appropriately challenging tasks in the self-determination theory.

Homeostasis

_____ is the tendency to maintain a balanced internal state, regulating any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level.

Power

_____ motivation is the urge to control or influence the behavior of other people or groups.

Humanistic

_____ theories of motivation were championed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, and emphasize psychological and cognitive components in human motivation.