Chapter 8 Psychology

SQ3R is a method for _____ memory.

Improving

refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. In other words, if you are in a bad mood, you will be more likely to have negative associations.

Mood-congruent memory

Our ability to recognize material can make us feel _____, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests.

Overconfident

Even after you learn the material, _____ increases retention.

Overlearning

When bits of information do not compete with each other, and actually facilitate memory, it is called:

Positive Transfer

According to Sigmund Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories.

Repressing

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called:

Repression

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:

Retrieval

Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?

Retrieval

Which stage of memory involves the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system?

Sensory Memory

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter at certain synapses.

Serotonin

We _____ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, we encode the place on a page where certain material appears.

Automatically Process

Because memories are _____, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions.

Constructed

The _____ is the neural center involved in processing explicit memories for storage.

Hippocampus

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to:

Retrieval Failure

_____ occurs when something you learn now interferes with your ability to recall something you learned earlier.

Retroactive interference

To "get information into our brain" is to:

Encode

Research on memory's _____ has helped us understand how memory works.

Extremes

Some of our memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as:

Flashbulb Memory

In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This known as:

Priming

interference occurs when something you learned before interferes with your recall of something you learn later.

Proactive

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of testing:

Recall

A multiple-choice test is a good example of testing _____.

Recognition

One way that researchers have explored short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson.

Rehearsal

Which of the following is the BEST way to master material for a given test?

Use distributed practice

The most common response to a traumatic experience involves:

Vivid and persistent memories

How long does information last in sensory memory?

a fraction of a second to several seconds

Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve?

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the:

amygdala

It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as _____.

Chunking

Our capacity for storing long-term memories is _____.

limitless

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

long-term potentiation

Which of the following is NOT a way to improve memory?

minimize retrieval cues

Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions as:

recall is to recognition

How many bits of information did George Miller propose that humans can store in their short-term memory at a given time?

seven, plus or minus two

The amount remembered depends both on the _____ spent learning and on your making it _____.

time; meaningful

It is debated whether the _____ mind sometimes forcibly represses painful experiences.

unconscious

Some individuals have an amazing ability to remember things. For example, Russian journalist Solomon Shereshevskii could remember up to _____ digits or words.

70

Participants in a study conducted by Ralph Haber were shown more than 2,500 slides of faces and places for only 10 seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with an unseen slide. The participants were able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before.

90

Committing information to memory after already learning new material is analogous to _____ clutter in your mental attic.

Adding

_____ can be defined as the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Memory

_____ aids can be used to help remember things like speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Mnemonic

_____ memory refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. In other words, if you are in a bad mood, you will be more likely to have negative associations.

Mood-Congruent

When people learn something while in one state (e.g., when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as:

State-Depending Learning

The retention of encoded information over time is called _____.

Storage

The retention of information over time is called:

Storage

_____ is our brief sensory memory of auditory stimuli. This type of memory only lasts for about three seconds before fading away.

Echoic Memory

Some of our memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as _____ memories.

Flashbulb

_____ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ refers to memory for facts and experiences.

Implicit; explicit

This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of your memory system.

Long-Term Memory

Coined by Gary Lynch, this prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is believed to be the basis for learning and memory. It is known as:

Long-Term Potential

When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:

Retrieval Cues