Chapter 8-PY 211

44. The probability of NOT rejecting a FALSE null hypothesis is also known as a) Type II error b) Type I Error c) alpha d) both b and c

A) Type II Error

31. Which of the following pairings is correct a) Type I; Type II :: α; β b) Type I; Type II :: β; α c) Type I; Type II :: 1-α; 1-β d) Type I; Type II:: α; 1-β

a) Type I; Type II :: α; β

29. Sometimes we reject the null hypothesis when it is true. This is technically referred to as a) Type I error b) Type II error c) a mistake d) good fortune

a) a Type I error

35. Another name for a one-tailed test is a a) directional test b) non-directional test c) uniform test d) specific test

a) directional test

40. The null hypothesis is the statement that a) population means are equal b) population means differ between groups c) it is the hypothesis you generally hope to prove d) exciting things are going on

a) population means are equal

16. The basic reason for running an experiment is usually to a) reject the null hypothesis b) reject the experimental hypothesis c) reject the research hypothesis d) find a non-significant difference

a) reject the null hypothesis

13. The sampling distribution of the mean that you saw in the text a) resemble a normal distribution b) was very skewed c) had a mean that was unusually large relative to the population mean d) had little to do with the population mean

a) resembled a normal distribution

37. The value of the test statistic that would lead us to reject the null hypothesis is called a) the critical value b) the test value c) the rejection value d) the acceptance rate

a) the critical value

6. We are more likely to declare two populations to be different if a) the means of our samples are very different b) the variability of our samples is very large c) the samples are normally distributed d) all of the above

a) the means of our samples are very different

41. Type I error concerns a) the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis b) the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis c) the probability of not rejecting a true null hypothesis d) the probability of not rejecting a false null hypothesis

a) the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis

9. The central feature of all hypothesis testing procedures is a) the sample mean b) a sampling distribution c) a range of outcomes d) the type of experiment we want to run

a) the sampling mean

11. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution is known as a) the standard error b) the variance c) error d) the sampling deviation

a) the standard error

33. When we are willing to reject the null hypothesis for any extreme outcome, we are making a a) two tailed test b) one tailed test c) singular test d) omnibus test

a) two tailed test

46. The probability of NOT rejecting a null hypothesis when it is false is called? a) a type I error b) a type II error c) experimenter error d) method error

b) a Type II error

12. To look at the sampling distribution of the mean we would a) calculate a mean and compare it to the standard deviation b) calculate a mean and compare it to the standard error c) calculate many means and plot them d) look the sampling distribution up in the book

b) calculate a mean and compare it to the standard error

26. To reject a null hypothesis for the finger tapping technique example in the text, we would a) calculate the probability of that result if the null hypothesis were false b) calculate the probability of that result if the null hypothesis were true c) compare the probabilities of that result if the null hypothesis were true and if it were false d) reject the null hypothesis unless that subject is closely resembled normal subjects

b) calculate the probability of that result if the null hypothesis were true

34. A two-tailed test is ____ powerful than a one tailed test if we are sure the difference is in the direction that we would have predicted a) more b) less c) equally d) we cannot tell

b) less

27. By convention, we often reject the null hypothesis if the probabiity of our result given that the null hypothesis were true is, a) greater than 0.95 b) less than 0.05 c) greater than 0.05 d) either b or c

b) less than 0.05

23. We are most likely to reject a null hypothesis if the test statistic we compute is a) very small b) quite extreme c) what we would expect if the null hypothesis were true d) equal to the number of observations in the sample

b) quite extreme

25. In the finger tapping example in the text, we would reject the null hypothesis when a) the patient tapped too quickly B) the patient tapped too slowly c) the patient tapped either very quickly or very slowly d) we would be unlikely to ever reject the null hypothesis

b) the patient tapped too slowly

47. A null hypothesis is rejected when a) the differences are due to sampling error b) the probability of finding a difference that large if the population means are equal is very low c) the probability of finding a difference that large if the population means are equal is very high d) the distribution is not normal

b) the probability of finding a difference that large if the population means are equal is very low

28. The area that encompasses the extreme 5% of a distribution is frequently referred to as a) the retention region b) the rejection region c) the decision region d) none of the above

b) the rejection region

42. After running a t-test on the mean number of jelly beans that men and women eat other the course of the year, I conclude that men eat significatly more jelly beans than women. If men and woman actually eat the same number of jelly beans, my conclusion is a) a valid conclusion b) a Type I error c) a type II error d) and example of power

c) a type II error

3. In testing hypotheses we have to take into account a) sample means b) random variability c) difference from one set of data to another d) all of the above

c) difference from one set of data to another

32. We would like to a) maximize the power of a test b) minimize the probability of a Type I error c) do both a and b d) maximize the probability of a Type II error

c) do both a and b

38. A researcher was interested in seeing if males or females in large lecture classes fell asleep more during in-class videos. The null hypothesis of this study is a) males will fall asleep more than females b) females will fall asleep more than males c) males and females fall asleep at the same rate d) More information is needed

c) males and females fall asleep at the same rate

2. One of the problems we face when we try to draw conclusions from data is that we have to deal with a) means b) error variance c) population size d) hypothesis

c) population size

19. If the data are reasonably consistent with the null hypothesis, we are likely to a) accept the alternative hypothesis b) reject the null hypothesis c) retain the null hypothesis d) accept the null hypothesis

c) retain the null hypothesis

14. Sampling distributions help us test hypotheses about means by a) telling us exactly what the population mean is b) telling us how variable the population is c) telling us what kinds of means to expect if the null hypothesis is true d) telling us what kinds of means to expect if the null hypothesis is false

c) telling us what kinds of means to expect if the null hypothesis is true

8. If we were to repeat an experiment a large number of times and calculate a statistic such as the mean for each experiment, the distribution of these statistics would be called a) the distributional distribution b) the error distribution c) the sampling distribution d) the test outcome

c) the sampling distribution

17. Which of the following is most likely to represent a statement of the null hypothesis> a) H0: M > 0 b) H0: M < 0 c) H0: M not equal to 0 d) H0: M = 0

d) H0: M = 0

39. Dr. Harmon expected that her neurotic patients would come significantly earlier to all scheduled appointments compared to other patients, and planned to run a one-tailed test to see if their arrival times were much earlier. Unfortunately, she found the opposite result: the neurotic patients came to appointments later than other patients. What can Dr. Harmon conclude from her one-tailed test? a) Neurotic patients came to appointments significantly later than other patients b) Neurotic patients came to appointments significantly earlier than other patients c) Non-neurotic patients came to appointments significantly d) Neurotic patients did not come to appointments significantly earlier than other patients

d) Neurotic patients did not come to appointments significantly earlier than other patients

18. Which of the following is a statement of H1? a) H0: M > 0 b) H0: M < 0 c) H0: M not equal to 0 d) all of the above

d) all of the above

20. Whether or not we reject the null hypothesis depends on a) the probability of the result given the null hypothesis is true b) how far the data depart from what we would expect if the null hypothesis were true c) the size of some test statistic d) all of the above

d) all of the above

21. What is a major advantage of using null hypotheses? a) The null hypothesis gives us a starting point b) if the null hypothesis is false, that provides evidence for an alternative hypothesis c) we have procedures for testing null hypotheses d) all of the above

d) all of the above

24. The difference between a test comparing two means and test comparing the frequency of two outcomes is a) the test statistics that they employ and their calculation b) the logic behind the two different hypothesis testing procedures c) the way we go about drawing conclusions from the tests d) all of the above

d) all of the above

4. In hypothesis testing out job would be much easier if a) sample statistics accurately reflected population parameters b) subjects didn't vary so much from one another c) we knew the population values d) all of the above

d) all of the above

49. Another name for sampling error is a) variability due to chance b) error variance c) constancy d) both a and b

d) both a and b

5. Another name for sampling error is a) variability due to chance b) error variance c) constancy d) both a and b

d) both a and b

36. If we erroneously conclude that motorists are more likely to honk at low status cars than high status cars, we a) have made a Type I error b) have made a Type II error c) would have made that conclusion 5% of the time if the null hypothesis were true d) both a and c

d) both a and c

43. Rejecting a true null hypothesis is known as a) Type II error b) a Type I error c) alpha d) both a and c

d) both a and c

22. Most psychological research is undertaken with the hope of a) providing the null hypothesis b) proving the alternative hypothesis c) rejecting the null hypothesis d) discovering the ultimate truth

d) discovering the ultimate truth

30. A Type II error refers to a) rejecting a true null hypothesis b) rejecting a false null hypothesis c) failing to reject a true null hypothesis d) failing to reject a false null hypothesis

d) failing to reject a false null hypothesis

1. Hypothesis testing is necessarily part of a) descriptive statistics b) order statistics c) test construction statistics d) inferential statistics

d) inferential statistics

7. The basic idea behind hypothesis testing a) depends on the kind of test you want to run b) has little to do with whatever data you collect c) is largely the same across a wide variety of procedures d) is important only is you want to compare two populations

d) is important only is you want to compare two populations

45. The ____ assumes all means are equal for a given measure? a) alternative hypothesis b) random hypothesis c) predicted hypothesis d) null hypothesis

d) null hypothesis

48. A Type I error has occured if we a) reject the null hypothesis is really false b) retain a null hypothesis that is really false c) retain a null hypothesis that is really true d) reject a null hypothesis that is really true

d) reject a null hypothesis that is really true

15. The hypothesis that we are trying to support by running an experiment is often called a) the null hypothesis b) the test hypothesis c) the sample hypothesis d) the research hypothesis

d) the research hypothesis