Chapter 8/9

In the 1819 case of McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court decided that the A) doctrine of implied powers was valid B) federal courts could review state court decisions C) Bank of the United States was unconstitutional D) Indians had the right to control their own lands E) federal courts could declare state laws unconstitutional

A) doctrine of implied powers was valid

The growing nationalism of the late 1810s and 1820s was reflected in all the following developments except A) the crisis over the admission of Missouri B) the foreign policy of the federal government C) the adherence by many people to a set of shared sentiments D) the growth of the economy E) the patriotic celebrations every Fourth of July

A) the crisis over the admission of Missouri

The decisions of the Marshall Court established A) the power of the federal government to promote economic growth B) the role of the president as a mediator in controversial affairs C) the strength of state governments in regulating private businesses D) the idea that the federal government could not regulate interstate commerce E) the belief that the rights of Indians could not be considered by the Supreme Court

A) the power of the federal government to promote economic growth

Compared to settlement in America in 1700 non-Indian settlement A) Remained the same along coastal areas B) Expanded significantly from the east coast west to Kentucky C) Was centered around outposts, forts, and cities D) Expanded to Spanish possessions E) Included large French possessions

B) Expanded significantly from the east coast west to Kentucky

The "era of good feelings" became a popular label for the administration of A) John Quincy Adams B) James Monroe C) James Madison D) Thomas Jefferson E) John Adams

B) James Monroe

Marshall's decisions in Fletcher v. Peck and Dartmouth College v. Woodward dealt with the A) enforcement of federal law in territories B) protection of contracts from violation by state governments C) existence of slavery in new territories D) right of Indians to control their own lands E) sale of publicly held frontier lands

B) protection of contracts from violation by state governments

In negotiating the Florida question, John Quincy Adams was able to obtain the cession of Florida when A) the Spanish surrendered at St. Augustine B) the United States gave up its claim to California C) Jackson seized the Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola D) the British government invoked the terms of an alliance between Spain and England E) the Missouri Compromise appeased warlike notions

C) Jackson seized the Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola

Major Stephen H. Long led an 1819 and 1820 expedition that A) found the source of the Red River B) explored the Pacific Northwest C) labeled the Great Plains the "Great American Desert" D) surveyed areas for new farmlands in the West E) analyzed Indian artifacts in the Old Southwest

C) labeled the Great Plains the "Great American Desert"

The greatest problem with the cotton economy of the Old South was the A) expense of slavery B) lack of modern machinery C) loss of fertility D) encroachment of industry E) decrease in markets

C) loss of fertility

In the case of Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824, the Supreme Court A) strengthened the power of the monopoly B) weakened the powers of the national government C) strengthened the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce D) increased the power of the states to regulate intrastate commerce E) ruled that commerce was a term that did not include navigation

C) strengthened the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce

The Panic of 1819 was the result of a speculative boom in the economy that ran for a number of years before the panic. The causes of that speculation included all of the following except A) a land boom B) easy credit from the Bank of the United States C) tight credit from the Bank of the United States D) increasing world prices for American farm products E) exceptionally high prices for American farmers

C) tight credit from the Bank of the United States

Under the Missouri Compromise, the entrance of Missouri as a state of the Union was paired with the admission of A) Kansas B) Minnesota C) Tennessee D) Maine E) Nebraska

D) Maine

During the 1820s, the United States unofficially supported the Latin American countries breaking away from A) France B) Holland C) Russia D) Spain E) Great Britain

D) Spain

The election of 1828 was characterized by the A) emergence of a new Federalist party B) absence of sectional voting patterns C) victory of Adams because of his support from New England D) emergence of a new two-party system E) support of Jackson for economic nationalism

D) emergence of a new two-party system

In Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that the Indians were not subject to A) previous court decisions B) Indian treaty provisions C) federal laws D) state laws E) treaties negotiated by the federal government

D) state laws

Those who accused John Quincy Adams of a "corrupt bargain" maintained that he A) sold the presidency to Andrew Jackson B) lied to the congressional election panel C) accepted bribes while in the White House D) traded with Henry Clay for the presidency E) offered bribes to congressmen while president

D) traded with Henry Clay for the presidency

The president who was the last of the Virginia Dynasty was A) Thomas Jefferson B) John Quincy Adams C) James Madison D) Andrew Jackson E) James Monroe

E) James Monroe

In 1807, the federal government appropriated money for the construction of A) a steamboat line B) iron factories C) canals D) railroads E) a national road

E) a national road

In Johnson v. McIntosh (1823), the Supreme Court decided that the Indians A) could be removed from their land at any time B) could not sell land to the federal government C) were subject to state laws rather than tribal laws D) were protected by the Bill of Rights E) had a basic right to their tribal lands

E) had a basic right to their tribal lands

One immediate effect of the Monroe Doctrine was that it A) tied American economic growth with the interests of Britain B) expressed an American desire for shared control of Oregon C) led to war with England regarding the impressment of sailors D) created an atmosphere of isolationism in all foreign affairs E) served as an important expression of emerging American nationalism

E) served as an important expression of emerging American nationalism

John Quincy Adams' presidency saw all of the following events except A) the passage of the "tariff of abominations" B) a continuation of bitterness over the election of 1824 C) attempted diplomacy in Latin America D) some funding for internal improvements E) success in protecting Indians in Georgia

E) success in protecting Indians in Georgia

In the 1830s, the supporters of the Whigs included all of the following groups except a. Irish and German Catholics b. wealthy northeastern industrialists and merchants c. wealthy southern planters d. western pro-commerce merchants and farmers e. anti-Masons in New York

a. Irish and German Catholics

The most significant proponent of the "Nullification Doctrine" was a. John C. Calhoun b. Martin Van Buren c. Andrew Jackson d. John H. Eaton e. John Quincy Adams

a. John C. Calhoun

The Black Hawk War was fought between the citizens of the United States and the a. Sauk and Fox Indians b. Cherokee and Sauk Indians c. Creek and Cherokee Indians d. Fox and Creek Indians e. Sauk and Creek Indians

a. Sauk and Fox Indians

After the Webster-Hayne debates, President Andrew Jackson emphasized his support of a. a permanent federal union b. the supremacy of states' rights c. equality between state and federal power d. high federal tariffs e. the national bank.

a. a permanent federal union

Popular ideas about political parties during the Jacksonian era a. changed from the idea that parties were evil and divisive to the idea that parties were essential to the success of democracy b. slowly changed from considering permanent parties as essential to represent interests in the political process to the idea that they would only divide the country c. became hostile to parties as bitter and personal campaigning hid issues from the people d. believed that party should restrict the suffrage to only property holders and keep politics an elitist activity e. returned to Washington's advice in his farewell address to avoid permanent political parties

a. changed from the idea that parties were evil and divisive to the idea that parties were essential to the success of democracy

Webster's main weakness as a presidential candidate for the Whigs was his a. close connections with rich men and big businesses b. inability to speak effectively in public c. excessive condemnation of alcoholic beverages d. support of the theory of nullification e. close ties to owners of large plantations

a. close connections with rich men and big businesses

In the 1830s, the supporters of the Democrats included all of the following groups except a. evangelical Protestants b. northeastern laborers and smaller merchants c. southern planters who were suspicious of industrialization d. western farmers with southern roots e. slaveholders from the South

a. evangelical Protestants

Andrew Jackson could be described as a a.frontier aristocrat b.southern plantation owner c.poor western farmer d.wealthy eastern merchant e.champion of the oppressed classes

a. frontier aristocrat

Jackson's policy with respect to the Bank of the United States was grounded in a. his belief that the Bank harbored eastern privilege and limited opportunity b. his respect for Nicholas Biddle and the stability the Bank brought to the financial system c. his acknowledgement of the need for sound paper money in the American economy d. the access to funds it gave westerners for the purchase of western lands e. his support for centralized control of the American economy

a. his belief that the Bank harbored eastern privilege and limited opportunity

In the "Age of Jackson" coherent ideology in party politics took a secondary position to a. party loyalty, patronage, and election results b. support for sectional issues, rather than national issues c. the personality cult of presidential politics d. raising money to support national campaigns e. building congressional alliances to gain support in elections such as that in 1824

a. party loyalty, patronage, and election results

In the early 1800s, most people thought that Indians were a. "noble savages" who possessed great virtues b. "savages" who could not be civilized c. "heathens" who wished to become Christians d. "primitives" who needed to be protected e. "innocents" who had no knowledge of evil

b. "savages" who could not be civilized

The oldest political party in the United States is the a. Whig party b. Democratic party c. Federalist party d. National Republican party e. Populist party

b. Democratic party

The author of the Compromise Tariff that ended the Nullification Crisis was a. Andrew Jackson b. Henry Clay c. Martin Van Buren d. Daniel Webster e. John C. Calhoun

b. Henry Clay

The theory of nullification was based on the writings of a. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton b. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson c. John Adams and James Madison d. Alexander Hamilton and John Adams e. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton

b. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson

In 1832, Henry Clay was the presidential candidate of the a. Federalists b. National Republicans c. Democrats d. Anti-Masons e. Populists

b. National Republicans

The Indian tribe that most successfully resisted removal was the a. Cherokee b. Seminole c. Sauk d. Creek e. Choctaw

b. Seminole

Roger Taney modified the direction of his predecessor, John Marshall, by a. refusing to accept that the courts had to exercise judicial review b. accepting that private property rights must account for the general welfare c. rejecting the idea that contracts are a form of property d. hearing cases involving suits over Indian lands east of the Mississippi e. recognizing that slaves were United States citizens

b. accepting that private property rights must account for the general welfare

To defeat Van Buren and the Democrats in the election of 1840, the Whigs a. accused Van Buren of being aristocratic b. attacked Jackson's idea of democracy c. emphasized the superiority of their ideology d. presented themselves as the party of business e. expressed that slavery was an immoral practice

b. attacked Jackson's idea of democracy

The election of 1840 is considered by many to be a modern election campaign for the reason that a. there were only two candidates running for president b. both parties worked at getting their candidate elected c. the parties designed their campaigns and candidates to appeal to the common man d. William Henry Harrison was a famous Indian fighter and military hero e. William Henry Harrison was the first candidate from the West

b. both parties worked at getting their candidate elected

Andrew Jackson and his followers believed that the United States needed to a. create a totally egalitarian society b. challenge the power of the eastern elites c. confront sectional differences over slavery d. put an end to the existence of slavery e. strengthen the power of the federal government

b. challenge the power of the eastern elites

In choosing Indian removal, white society of the 1830s was rejecting the concept of a. establishing Indian reservations b. creating a shared world with the Indians c. segregating Indian and white societies d. treating the territories as virgin land e. engaging in warfare with Indians

b. creating a shared world with the Indians

Van Buren responded to the Panic of 1837 with the idea of the independent treasury, which was a. a system of depositing money in select independent banks b. designed to keep government funds out of private banks c. helpful to people wanting to borrow money d. popular with Whigs and conservative Democrats e. intended to bolster the interests of small planters

b. designed to keep government funds out of private banks

During Andrew Jackson's presidency, the common people gained political power through all of the following means except a. creation of national nominating conventions b. enfranchisement of women and free blacks c. elimination of property qualifications for voting d. increase in opportunity to hold political office e. challenge of entrenched office holders

b. enfranchisement of women and free blacks

The Bank of the United States benefited the U.S. economy by fulfilling all of the following except a. giving the states control of interest rates b. issuing bank notes c. holding government funds d. restraining policies of state banks e. providing credit to growing enterprises

b. issuing bank notes

One problem the Whig party faced in the 1830s was a. the public's belief that it had caused the Panic of 1837 b. its failure to unify behind one of the party's able candidates c. the growing unpopularity of Martin Van Buren d. its failure to draw the support of Evangelical Protestants e. the unpopularity of its stance on Indian removal policies

b. its failure to unify behind one of the party's able candidates

The inauguration of Andrew Jackson in 1829 was significant because it a. ended the tradition of raucous inaugural celebrations b. signified the empowerment of a heretofore disenfranchised class of Americans c. reaffirmed the control of the political elite d. indicated harmony between the southern and northern regions of the United States e. symbolized a return to traditional upper-class values

b. signified the empowerment of a heretofore disenfranchised class of Americans

Martin Van Buren won the election of 1836 because he was able to capitalize on a. his opposition to Andrew Jackson's financial policies b. the Whig party's inability to unify across regional lines c. the public's dissatisfaction with the economic depression d. his support for nullification during the tariff wars e. the belief that the Whigs had masterminded the "Corrupt Bargain"

b. the Whig party's inability to unify across regional lines

The immediate causes of the Panic of 1837 included all of the following except a. a presidential order requiring federal land be paid for in specie b. the easy credit policies of the Bank of the United States c. the withdrawal of federal funds from state banks d. the removal of foreign money from United States banks e. a succession of crop failures

b. the easy credit policies of the Bank of the United States

Andrew Jackson vetoed the Maysville Road Bill because the road would have a. been a federal internal improvement b. violated states' rights c. been used in the slave trade d. improved western transportation e. been mainly a single-state project

b. violated states' rights

The economic boom before 1837 exhibited all of the following characteristics except a. an increase in land speculation b. an increase in the construction of canals and railroads c. a decrease in the price of domestic products d. an increase in readily available credit e. a surplus of funds in the national treasury

c. a decrease in the price of domestic products

The Charles River Bridge case of 1837 dealt with the issue of a. corporate law b. state taxation c. contract rights d. illegal monopolies e. slave trading

c. contract rights

After the Dorr Rebellion in the early 1840s, the state government of Rhode Island a. accepted John Dorr as its governor b. accepted the Dorrite constitution c. drafted a new, more democratic, constitution d. decided to let women vote in state elections e. executed John Dorr

c. drafted a new, more democratic, constitution

To reduce the influence of the Bank of the United States, Roger Taney followed the policy of a. allowing states to tax the bank's branches b. forcing the bank to call in all its outstanding loans c. gradually moving federal funds into state banks d. canceling the bank's charter before it expired e. issuing a warrant for the arrest of Nicholas Biddle

c. gradually moving federal funds into state banks

President John Tyler's diplomatic measures included a. the annexation of Texas from Spain b. settling the boundary with Canada from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Ocean c. opening diplomatic relations with China and gaining trading rights there d. ending the underground slave trade with African nations e. the peaceful evacuation of the Seminole tribe from Florida

c. opening diplomatic relations with China and gaining trading rights there

Before the democratization of the 1820s and 1830s, states restricted the influence of the ordinary citizen in politics by all of the following methods except a. selecting presidential electors in legislatures b. placing property requirements on voters c. restricting voting to members of a specific church d. requiring voters to be taxpayers e. having legislators represent property rather than people

c. restricting voting to members of a specific church

South Carolina nullified which of the following in 1832? a. internal improvements b. charter of the Bank of the United States c. tariff d. fugitive slave law e. spoils system

c. tariff

The Webster-Hayne debates began over one issue but quickly switched to another. They switched from a. the tariff of 1828 to national power b. national power to the sale of public lands c. the sale of public lands to states' rights d. states' rights to the tariff of 1828 e. the tariff of 1828 to the sale of public lands

c. the sale of public lands to states' rights

____ 21. In the mid-1800s, many westerners favored Indian removal for all of the following reasons except a. to put distance between the two cultures' living areas b. to help end frontier violence c. to preserve the American Indians' independent status d. to open up new lands for white settlers e. to break tribal ties to valuable lands

c. to preserve the American Indians' independent status

In 1828, the only state not to choose its presidential electors by popular vote was a. Ohio b. Rhode Island c. Pennsylvania d. South Carolina e. Tennessee.

d. South Carolina

The "bank war" of the 1830s was to a large extent a. a battle of decisive Southern business interests b. responsible for the death of the Whig Party c. the end of Henry Clay's political career d. a personal struggle for power between Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddle e. an example of Jackson's tendency to favor the elite

d. a personal struggle for power between Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddle

In response to South Carolina's vote to nullify the tariffs of 1828 and 1832, President Andrew Jackson took all of the following actions except a. winning approval of the Force Bill b. strengthening federal forts in South Carolina c. sending a warship of the United States Navy to Charleston harbor d. arresting John C. Calhoun e. ordering several revenue ships into Charleston harbor

d. arresting John C. Calhoun

The president of the Bank of the United States responded to Andrew Jackson's attempts to kill the bank by a. doing nothing b. establishing an easy credit policy c. selling gold reserves at discount rates d. calling in loans and raising interest rates e. suing the federal government for violation of its charter

d. calling in loans and raising interest rates

The Whig Party that arose during Jackson's administrations a. supported Jackson's strong stand on states' rights as long as it did not conflict with federal authority b. believed in equality of opportunity and equal protection for all citizens c. held that patronage had no place in politics and that government positions should be above party d. had a nationalist outlook and opposed Jackson's exercise of power as being tyrannical e. believed in the Republican program of Jefferson with its vision of an America of independent farmers

d. had a nationalist outlook and opposed Jackson's exercise of power as being tyrannical

The Bank of the United States performed all of the following functions except a. ensuring that small state banks followed sound financial policies b. issuing reliable bank notes that served as legal tender c. servicing as a depository for funds from the federal government d. promoting land speculation and rapid growth financed by state banks e. providing credit for new business enterprises

d. promoting land speculation and rapid growth financed by state banks

When Jackson heard Marshall's decision in the case between Georgia and the Cherokees (Worcester v. Georgia), he a. attacked the decision but enforced it b. supported the decision but decided that the federal government had no way to enforce it c. submitted a new removal bill d. refused to enforce the decision e. argued that the decision did not go far enough

d. refused to enforce the decision

Andrew Jackson fit into the new concept of the political party by a. decreasing the power of the presidency b. always supporting states' rights c. having no clear, distinct theory of government d. removing large numbers of entrenched officeholders e. opening the franchise to all taxpayers

d. removing large numbers of entrenched officeholders

The most important legislation passed during the Van Buren administration was the a. specie circular b. preemption bill c. ten-hour-workday bill d. subtreasury system bill e. nullification code

d. subtreasury system bill

Jackson believed the executive branch superseded all other authority in the federal government because a. states could declare any laws passed by Congress null and void within their state b. the president's veto power could stop any bill from becoming law c. the judiciary had no power of enforcement so its rulings were not important d. the president was the only federal official that all citizens could vote for e. federal law was the supreme law of the land

d. the president was the only federal official that all citizens could vote for

In Jacksonian America, the Democratic Party's philosophy was based on all of the following ideas except a. the elimination of the influence of the privileged b. the protection of social and economic mobility c. the promotion of political opportunities for white males d. the stimulation of the economy by the federal government e. the celebration of the common man

d. the stimulation of the economy by the federal government

The result of the Specie Circular for the American economy was a. to loosen credit and create a boom in the public land market b. reduce the amount of specie in circulation and make people rely on paper money c. end the use of paper money to settle debts in the financial markets d. to tighten credit and create a financial panic e. to retire the public debt by using revenue from public land sales

d. to tighten credit and create a financial panic

Which statement would most likely have been said by a supporter of nullification? a. "The Cherokees have a right to live on land they have long inhabited." b. "The Bank of the United States is essential to a healthy economy." c. "The Whig party provides the only voice for the common man." d. "The Virginia Dynasty must be defeated in the name of democracy." e. "The states can choose to ignore laws they feel are unconstitutional."

e. "The states can choose to ignore laws they feel are unconstitutional."

After Harrison's death, the office of president was taken over by a. Daniel Webster b. Henry Clay c. John C. Calhoun d. James Polk e. John Tyler

e. John Tyler

During the late 1830s and early 1840s, diplomatic relations with Great Britain were tense for all of the following reasons except a. The British freed American slaves who managed to reach a British port b. America arrested and charged a Canadian with murder in the Caroline affair c. The Aroostook War broke out between Canadians and Americans d. The British killed an American who was involved in a Canadian revolt e. The British refused to allow the United States access to Far Eastern trade

e. The British refused to allow the United States access to Far Eastern trade

The creation of a second party system in the 1830s produced competition between the a. Democrats and Federalists b. Federalists and Republicans c. Republicans and Whigs d. Democrats and Republicans e. Whigs and Democrats

e. Whigs and Democrats

The philosophy of the Whig party supported a. decrease in federal government power b. growth of the slave economy c. use of fewer technological advances d. reduction in the number of business charters e. control of westward expansion

e. control of westward expansion

The theory of nullification is based on the principle that a. a majority of states may declare a federal law unconstitutional b. the U.S. Congress cannot enact trade regulations c. the Supreme Court may declare legislation unconstitutional d. the U.S. Congress may declare a state law unconstitutional e. individual states may declare federal laws unconstitutional

e. individual states may declare federal laws unconstitutional

During the presidency of Andrew Jackson, the "spoils system" was used to replace a. the majority of federal officeholders b. one out of two federal officeholders c. one out of three federal officeholders d. one of three Supreme Court justices e. one out of five federal officeholders

e. one out of five federal officeholders

All of the following are characteristics of the party system that included the Whigs and the Democrats except a. Whigs adopted Anti-Freemasonry to soften criticism of them as aristocratic b. Democrats emphasized states' rights and limited federal government c. large planters and farmers, and substantial merchants and manufacturers, tended to be Whigs d. recent Irish and German Catholics favored the Democratic Party e. supporters of agriculture and small-scale commercial enterprises favored Whigs

e. supporters of agriculture and small-scale commercial enterprises favored Whigs

Significant conflict arose between Jackson and his cabinet over a. the spoils system b. his office appointments c. the Kitchen Cabinet d. Indian removal policies e. the Eaton affair

e. the Eaton affair

Jackson supported removal of the Indians from their traditional lands east of the Mississippi to a. allow Indians to assimilate with whites in more settled eastern areas b. civilize the Indians so that they could come to learn to live with white Americans c. separate the two groups because the Indian and white civilizations would compete with one another d. reservations in the Mississippi Valley where they could pursue their nomadic lifestyle e. the West because Indians could not be civilized and interaction with white society would destroy white society

e. the West because Indians could not be civilized and interaction with white society would destroy white society