Chapter 9- Abraham Maslow

Reasons many don't actualize

1) Growth tendency is weaker than deficiency motives. Hard to transcend hunger 2) Normal culture downplays the importance of the inner life (voice). Just trying to gain control of our impulses 3) Growth requires taking risks than many are unwilling to do. Example: international education. Study in another culture

Guiding Principles (for Maslow's Hierarchy of needs)

1. Needs arranged according to potency and strength. Lower needs stronger and more urgently felt 2. Lower needs appear earlier in development (Babies concerned with biological, toddlers with safety, seniors more likely to be self-actualized) 3. Needs are filled sequentially, lowest to highest 4. Maslow did not believe that you had to completely satisfy each level before moving to a higher one (Example: work for safety when 60% of physiological needs met)

1. physiological 2. safety 3. love and belongingness 4. esteem 5. Self-actualization

Maslow's 5 conative (basic) needs

b-values

Truth, goodness, beauty, wholeness, aliveness, uniqueness, perfection, completion, justice, simplicity, totality, effortlessness, humor, and autonomy

love and belongingness need (basic/conative need)

a. 3rd most important need on maslow's hierarchy b. need to feel that we have a place and that we are loved (such as through friendships or relationships) c. also includes some aspects of sex and human contact as well as the need to both give nad receive love d. ppl who have had this satisfied from early years do not panic when denied love e. ppl who have not experienced this in early years are incapable of giving love f. ppl who have received this in small doses will be strongly motivated to seek it and can undermin their own success by striving too hard g. children's attempts to satisfy this need are usually straightforward and direct while adults sometimes cleverly disguise their attempts to attain this, and others strive too hard in obvious ways to obtain this

esteem needs

a. 4th on maslow's hierarchy of needs b. needs for respect and recognition (self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem) d. has two levels: reputation(esteem from others) and self-esteem

biography of Abraham Maslow

a. Born in New York City in 1908 b. Oldest of seven children of Russian-Jewish immigrants c. Harbored lifelong animosity toward his mother d. Received a P h D in 1934 in psychology from University of Wisconsin where he worked with Harry Harlow e. Returned to New York in 1935 and worked with E. L. Thorndike at Columbia University f. Met and was influenced by Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm, and Karen Horney g. In 1951, he became the chairperson of the psychology department at Brandeis University h. President of the American Psychological Association for the year 1967 to 1968 i. Died in 1970 of a heart attack

Abraham Maslow

a. Came up with holistic-dynamic theory b. forerunner of positive psychology c. radically different view of human nature d. rejected ideas of freud and skinner

Peak experiences described

a. Davis (1991) interviewed 250 people b. 80% reported having a peak experience c. Might share contents with close friend d. Experience special, intimate and personal e. Not easy to describe in words f. Transcend normal language

Bias Towards Western Culture (Maslow)

a. Emphasis on individual achievement, getting credit for new idea b. Esteem in standing out c. Asian cultures all succeed together d. Emphasis on team work e. Japanese saying: "The nail that sticks up gets pounded down."

Maslow's View of Motivation

a. Holistic Approach to Motivation (the whole person, not any single part or function, is motivated) b. Motivation Is Complex (a person's behavior may spring from several different motives; motivation for a behavior may be unconscious or unknown to the person-Maslow's acceptance of importance of unconscious motivation represents one important way in which he differed from Allport) c. People Are Continually Motivated by One Need or Another (when one need is satisfied, it ordinarily loses its motivational power and is then replaced by another need) d. All People Everywhere Are Motivated by the Same Basic Needs (the manner in which ppl in different cultures obtain food, build shelters, express friendship, etc. may vary, but the fundamental needs for those things are common to the entire species) e. Needs Can Be Arranged on a Hierarchy

criticism of hierarchy of needs

a. Little empirical support for 5 stages b. Stronger evidence for two levels: deficiency and growth c. Developmental growth does have much support either d. Older adults rate self-actualization as their lowest NOT highest need e. College students most concerned about esteem and security

Maslow's Psychology and Philosophy of Science

a. Maslow argued for a humanistic, holistic approach that is not value free b. Psychological science should stress the importance of individual procedures c. Scientists should put values, emotion, and ritual back into their work and be creative in their pursuit of knowledge

Characteristics of Self Actualizing People

a. More efficient perception of reality b. Acceptance of self, others, and nature c. Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness d. Problem-centering (problems outside of themselves) e. The need for privacy f. Autonomy g. Continued freshness of appreciation h. The peak experience I.Gemeinschaftsgefühl-Community feeling" or "social interest"; describes the state of social connectedness and interest in the well-being of others that characterizes psychological health j. Profound interpersonal relations k. The democratic character structure ( could be friendly/considerate with other ppl regardless of class, color, age, or gender; unaware of superficial differences among ppl; desire and ability to learn from anyone) l. Discrimination between means and ends m. Philosophical sense of humor n. Creativeness o. Resistance to enculturation p. free from pathology

Maslow's critics

a. Need hierarchy is wildly popular b. Education, management, psychotherapy, and nursing c. Any research to suggest it's true? d. Maslow's research case studies e. Others have done studies on larger and more diverse groups f. rated a little above average on ability to generate research g. rated low on falsifiability h. excellent in organizing what is known about human behavior i. rated high as a guide to the practicioner j. ranked high on internal consistency (apart from the problem of idiosyncratic language) k. moderately parsimonious

Negative side of Maslow's approach

a. Non-scientific b. Philosophy rather than psychology c. Need evidence to support beliefs d. Self-actualizers rare e. Practical applications

Taoistic attitude

a. Noninterfering, passive, receptive attitude that includes awe and wonder toward that which is observed b. Maslow wanted this method used in psychology

Growth needs

a. Once Deficit needs fulfilled, growth needs emerge b. Growth motivation c. Not governed by homeostasis d. Becomes stronger as you fulfill them e. Strive now to be all that you can be f. Self-actualizers

Positive side of Maslow's approach

a. Optimistic view of humankind b. Human abilities c. Growth potential d. Healthy personality e. Pyramid of needs

Measuring Self-Actualization

a. Personal Orientation Inventory or P O I b. Comprehensive measure of the values and behaviors of self-actualizing people c. Short Index of Self-Actualization

Humanistic Psychology (Maslow)

a. Positive instincts to fulfill human potential b. Theories based on study of successful, healthy people (interviews) c. Strong motivating force to do good d. Be the best that they could be e. Self-actualization

Portrait of self-actualizers

a. Small group according to Maslow b. 1-2% of the adult population c. Generally 60 plus years old d. Reality and problem centered e. Enjoy solitude and have deep personal relationships with a few close friends

cognitive needs

a. The need for curiosity and knowledge b. when these needs are blocked, all needs on the hierarchy are threatened because knowledge is necessary to satisfy each one of the conative needs (need to know how to secure food, safety, friends, etc.) c. healthy ppl desire to know more, theorize, test hypotheses, etc. but when cognitive needs are not met (ppl been consistently lied to, have curiosity stifled, been denied info. they become pathological which can take the form of skepticism, disillusionment, and cynicism)

Examples of self-actualizing people

a. Thomas Jefferson b. Abraham Lincoln c. Albert Einstein d. William James e. Albert Schweitzer f. Benedict de Spinoza g. Jane Addams h. Max Wertheimer I. Ruth Benedict

coping behavior

a. always motivated and aimed at satisfying a need (because of a deficit) b. ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned, and determined by the external environment c. involves attempts to cope with environment, secure food and shelter, make friends, and to receive acceptance, appreciation and prestige from others

Aesthetic Needs

a. are not universal, but at least some people in every culture seem to be motivated by the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences b. people with the strong needs desire beautiful and orderly surroundings, and when these needs are not met, they become sick in the same way that they become sick when their conative needs are frustrated.

Unmotivated behavior

a. behavior not caused by needs but by other factors b. Expressive behavior

Personal Orientation Inventory (POI)(Maslow)

a. created by Maslow in an attempt to measure the values and behavior of self-actualizing ppl b. consists of 150 forced-choice answer such as "I can feel comfortable with less than a perfect performance" vs. "I feel uncomfortable with anything less than a perfect performance" c. Has 2 major scales and 10 subscales d. scales: Time Competence/Time Incompetence scale (measures the degree to which people are present oriented) and the Support Scale ( designed to measure whether and individual's mode of reaction is characteristically self oriented or other oriented) e. quite resistant to faking f. demonstrated reasonable reliability and validity, but was criticized for failing to distinguish between known self-actualizers and non-self-actualizers g. has two practical problems: is long, and the two-item forced-choice format can engender hostility in the participants, who feel frustrated by the limitations of a forced-choice option. h. •measures self-actualizing characteristics, along with dimensions like inner-outer orientation, ability to function in the present I. Comprehensive measure of the values and behaviors of self-actualizing people

Short Index of Self-Actualization (SISA)(Maslow)

a. created by Maslow to overcome the problems with the POI b. borrows 15 items from POI that are most strongly correlated with the total self-actualization score c. Items on a 6-point Likert Scale (from strongly disagree to strongly agree)

d-love

a. deficiency love b. selfish love

Cycle of Deficit needs

a. deficit needs b. Deprivation leads to drive to satisfy need c. Achieve homeostasis d. Not just biological needs e. Essential for survival f. Even instinctual

holistic-dynamic theory

a. developed by Abraham Maslow b. assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another and that people have the potential to grow toward psychological health (self-actualization) c. to attain self-actualization, people must satisfy lower level needs such as hunger, safety, love, and esteem; only after thye are relatively satisfied in each of these needs can they reach self-actualization. c. also known by others as humanistic theory, transpersonal theory, the third force in psychology, the fourth force in personality, needs theory, and self-actualization theory.

Jonah Complex (Maslow)

a. fear of being one's best b. an obstacle that often blocks people's growth toward self-actualization c. characterized by attempts to run away from one's destiny just as the biblical character tried to d. found in nearly everyone e. represents fear of success, a fear of being one's best, and a feeling of awesomeness in the presence of beauty and perfection

Brief Index of Self-Actualization

a. four factors: 1. core self-actualization 2. autonomy 3. openness to experience 4. comfort with solitude

Comparison of higher and lower needs

a. higher needs are similar to lower ones in that they are instinctoid (Maslow insisted that love, esteem, and self-actualization are just as biological as thirst, sex, and hunger). b. differences between higher needs and lower ones are those of degree and not kind. c. higher level needs are later on the phylogenetic or evolutionary scale (only humans- a fairly new species- have the need for self-actualization) d. higher needs appear later during the course of individual development; lower level needs must be cared for in infants and children before higher level needs become operative. e. higher level needs produce more happiness and more peak experiences, although satisfaction of lower needs may produce a degree of pleasure. f. hedonistic pleasure, is usually temporary and not comparable to the quality of happiness produced by the satisfaction of higher needs. g. satisfaction of higher level needs is more subjectively desirable to those people who have experienced both higher level and lower level needs ( someone who has reached self-actualization would have no motivation to return to a lower stage of development).

instinctoid nature of needs

a. human needs that are innately determined but can be modified by learning b. Ex. Sex is a basic physiological need, but the manner in which it is expressed depends on learning c. separated from noninstinctoid needs by level of pathology upon frustration-thwarting of instinctoid needs produces pathology, whereas the thwarting of noninstinctoid needs doesn't. d. these needs are persistent and their satisfaction leads to psychological health, but noninstinctoid needs are usually temporary and their satisfaction is not a prerequisite for health e. these needs are species specific (animal needs cannot be used as model for studying human motivation; only humans can be motivated by esteem and self-actualization0 f. can be molded, inhibited, or altered by environmental influences (so society should protect instinctoid needs)

self-actualizers

a. individuals who have gratified their basic needs and developed their potentialities to the point that they can be considered healthy, more fully functioning human beings b. free from psychopathology c. Had progressed through the hierarchy of needs d. Embraced the B-values e. Made full use of talents, capacities, and potentialities f. Motivated by Eternal Verities or B-Values g. metamotivation

resacralize

a. instill science with human values, emotion, and ritual b. Maslow supported this type of science

peak experience

a. intense, mystical experience in which an individual exists in a temporary state of joy and wonderment b. Moments of transcendence c. To climb above culture d. Perceptual experiences, largely passive e. Spiritual realm for some but not necessarily religious f. People may be reluctant to report

deprivation of needs (maslow)

a. lack of satisfaction of any of the basic needs leads to some kind of pathology b. Deprivation of physiological needs results in malnutrition, fatigue, loss of energy, obsession with sex, etc. c. Threats to one's safety lead to fear, insecurity, and dread, d. when love goes unfulfilled, a person becomes defensive, overly aggressive, or socially timid e. lack of esteem results in illnesses of self-doubt, self-depreciation, and lack of confidence f. deprivation of self-actualization leads to metapathology

b-love

a. love for the essence of "Being" of the other b. mutually felt and shared and not motivated by a deficiency or incompleteness within the lover c. unmotivated, expressive behavior d. love given by self-actualizing people

Physiological Needs (basic/conative need)

a. most prepotent need on Maslow's hierarchy b. need for food, water, sex, air, sleep c. the only needs that can be completely satisfied or overly satisfied d. also unique because of their recurring nature (you can eat but you'll get hungry again later)

Reversed order of needs

a. needs are generally satisfied in Maslow's hierarchical order, but occasionally they are reversed b. For some ppl the drive for creativity (a self-actualization need) may take precedence over safety and physiological needs; ex. an enthusiastic artist may risk safety and health to complete an important piece) c. these are usually more apparent than real, and some seemingly obvious deviations in the order are not variations at all because of the unconscious motivation behind them)

Neurotic needs

a. nonproductive needs b. leads only to stagnation and pathology c. usually reactive (serve as compensation for unsatisfied basic needs) d. ex. a person who does not satisfy safety needs may develop a strong desire to hoard money or property-hoarding drive will lead to pathology whether or not it is satisfied

expressive behavior

a. often unmotivated b. is often an end in itself and serves no purpose other than to be c. frequently unconscious and usually takes place naturally and with little effort d. has no goals or aim but is merely a mode of expression e. ex.: slouching, looking stupid, being relaxed, showing anger, and expressing joy, one's gait, gestures, voice, smile, etc. f. usually unlearned, spontaneous, and determined by forces within the person rather than by the environment.

self-esteem

a. respect based on our own competence, independence, and achievements

safety need (basic/conative need)

a. second most important need on maslow's hierarchy b. need for feeling safe, protection, structure, freedom within limits c. cannot be overly satiated (ppl can never be completely protected from meteorites, fires, sickness, etc.) d. when people cannot satisfy this need they suffer from basic anxiety

d-cognition

a. state of experiencing that involves judgments of approval and disapproval

B-cognition

a. state of experiencing that is nonjudgmental and self-validating

conative needs

a. the five needs composing Maslow's hierarchy of needs b. have a striving or motivational character c. also known as basic needs *note: Maslow's original hierachy had 5 categories, but current research only has 2 categories. The same needs exist, but the lower 4 (physiological, safety, belonging, and esteem are considered deficit needs and self-actualization is considered a being need) d. people become sick when these needs are frustrated or not met

reasons for Jonah complex

a. the human body is simply not strong enough to endure ecstasy of fulfillment for any length of time b. most ppl have private ambition to be great, but when they compare themselves with those who have accomplished greatness they are appalled by their own arrogance; as a defense against this they lower their aspirations, feel stupid and humble, and adopt the self-defeating approach of running away from the realization of their full potentials.

reputation

a. the perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others b. esteem from others

desacralization

a. the type of science that lacks emotion, joy, wonder, awe, and rapture b. Maslow did not like this type of science

metapathology

absence of values, the lack of fulfillment, and the loss of meaning in life

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Principle

assumes that lower level needs must be satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher level needs become motivators

metamotivation

the motivation of self-actualizers, which involves maximizing personal potential rather than striving for a particular goal object

a. conative (basic) b. aesthetic c. cognitive d. neurotic

types of needs (maslow)