chapter 9 anatomy
cranial nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves are connected to the brain. serve both sensory and motor functions.
TMD
a complex disorder that involves many factors such as: stress, clenching, and bruxism. it can also be caused by trauma to the jaw, systemic diseases, such as osteoarthritis or wear due to aging
fossa
a hollow grooved depression in a bone
tempromandibular joint (TMJ)
a joint on each side of the head that allows movement of the mandible for speech and mastication
tuberosity
a large rounded process on a bone
foramen
a natural opening in a bone through which ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves pass
process
a prominence or projection on a bone
tubercle
a small rough projection on a bone
gliding movement
allows the lower jaw to move forward or backward. it involves both the lower and upper compartments of the joint
articular disc
also known as meniscus, is a cushion of dense, specialized, connective tissue that divdes the articular space into upper and lower compartments
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
buccal nerve, lingual nerve, inferior alveolar
mental protuberance
chin
orbicularis oris
closes and puckers lips; aids in chewing and speaking by pressing lips against teeth
internal (medial) pterygoid
closes jaw
cranium
composed of eight bones that cover and protect the brain. the face consists of 14 bones.
buccinator
compresses cheeks against teeth and retracts angle of mouth
the skull is divided into two sections:
cranium and face
external (lateral) pterygoid
depresses mandible to open jaw
hyoid bone
does not articulate with any other bone
zygomatic major
draws angles of mouth upward and backward as in laughing
the frontal process
extends upward to articulate with the frontal bone at the outer ridge of the orbit
hinge action
first phase in mouth opening. only lower compartment of the joint is used
mandible
forms the lower jaw and is the moveable bone of the skull
bruxism
habitual grinding of the teeth, especially at night
clenching
holding the teeth tightly together for prolonged periods
tmd symptoms
its difficult to diagnose because symptoms are so varied. pain, joint sounds, and limitations in movement occur most often
zygomatic bones
known as the malar bones, form the prominence of the cheek and the lateral wall and floor of the orbit
parotid salivary gland
largest of the salivary glands, but provides only 25% of the total volume of saliva. located below and in front of the ear. saliva passes from it into the mouth through the parotid duct also known as stensens.
mental foramen
located on the facial surface on the left and right between the apices of the first and second mandibular premolars
frontal sinuses
located within the forehead just above the left and right eyes
mandible foramen
on the lingual surface of each ramus
trigeminal nerve divisions
opthamalic, maxillary, and mandibular
greater palatine nerve
passes through the posterior palatine foramen and forward over the palate. supplies the mucoperiosteum, intermingling with the nasopalatine nerve
retromolar area
portion of the mandible directly posterior to the last molar on each side
mentalis
raises and wrinkles skin of chin and pushes up lower lip
masseter
raises mandible and closes jaws
temporal muscle
raises mandible and closes jaws
submandibular salivary gland
size of a walnut, is the second largest gland. produces 60 to 65% or the total volume of saliva. submandibular duct known as whartons.
sublingual salivary gland
smallest of the three. 10 %. bartholins duct.
anterior superior alveolar nerve
supplies the maxillary central, lateral, and cuspid teeth, along with their periodontal membranes and gingivae. this nerve also supplies the maxillary sinus
coronoid process
the anterior portion of each ramus
articular space
the area between the capsular ligament and the surfaces of the glenoid fossa and condyle
meatus
the external opening of a canal
TMJ is made up of:
the glenoid fossa, articular eminence, and condyloid process
suture
the jagged line where bones articulate and form a joint that does not move
maxillary sinuses
the largest of the paranasal sinuses
occipital bones
the occipital bone forms the back and base of the cranium. it joins the parietal bones at the lambdoid suture. the spinal cord passes through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
condyloid process
the posterior process of each ramus. articulates with a fossa in the temporal bones to form the mandibular condyle.
symphysis
the site where bones comes together to form a cartilaginous joint
parietal bones
the two parietal bones form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
maxillary bones
two maxillary bones, known as the maxilla, form the upper jaw and part of the hard palate. the maxillary bones are joined together at the midline by the maxillary suture.
