Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

Each Kreb's cycle of cellular respiration generates what?

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

Balanced cellular respiration equation:

1C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6H2O + Energy (ATP=heat)

During cellular respiration, the energy investment phase of glycolysis takes __ ATP to break the glucose.

2

Fermentation produces __ ATP per glucose molecule.

2

Glycolysis generates ___ ATP.

2

The Kreb's cylce generates __ ATP and completes what?

2 ATP, completes breakdown of glucose

What are the products of glycolysis during cellular respiration?

2 pyruvate, 2 H2O, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 H+

In cellular respiration, how many cycles does the Kreb's cyle go through and why?

2, because glycolysis produced 2 pyruvates

Cellular respiration produces __ ATP per glucose molecule.

38

During cellular respiration, the energy payoff phase produces __ ATP.

4

What is pyruvate?

A 3 carbon molecule

In oxidative phosphorylation of cellular respiration, H+ ions want to move back across the membrane so they pass through ___ _____.

ATP synthase

In cellular respiration, the first step of the Kreb's cyle does what?

Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate = citrate

Proteins must be digested into ____ ____. amino groups can feed glycolysis for the citric acid cycle.

Amino acids

_______ respiration reactions without oxygen present.

Anaerobic

What is fermentation?

Back up plan for when there's a lack of oxygen; partial breakdown

During cellular respiration, the net gain of ATP of glycolysis is 2, how can this be when the energy payoff phase produces 4 ATP?

Because the energy investment phase uses 2 ATP

What is cellular respiration?

Break down of glucose to generate ATP

Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in _____ and _____.

Brewing and baking

What kind of reaction is cell respiration?

Catabolic or anabolic? Why? Catabolic, because it's releasing energy

The Kreb's cycle of cellular respiration has 8 steps, each _______ by a specific enzyme.

Catalyzed

What is the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work?

Chemiosmosis

Feedback inhibition is the most common mechanism for _____.

Control

The glycolysis stage of cellular respiration occurs in the ______ of the cell.

Cytoplasm

During cellular respiration, what do the last seven steps of the Kreb's cyle do?

Decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation includes the ________ ______ ____ and generates __ ATP.

Electron transport chain and 34 ATP

During cellular respiration, what are the two phases of oxidative phosphorylation?

Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

_______ anaerobes can go with or without oxygen and survive. They will thrive anywhere.

Facultative anaerobes

Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP, but ________ and ________ _______ do not.

Fermentation and anaerobic respiration

Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar ______.

Glucose

Fermentation is basically just repetitive _______.

Glycolysis

_______ makes energy by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

Glycolysis

_____ ______ ____ use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce.

Human muscle cells

In cellular respiration, where does the pyruvate go that was a product of glycolysis?

It enters the mitochondrion where It must be converted into acetyl CoA before the Kreb's cycle can begin

In oxidative phosphorylation of cellular respiration, electrons are transferred from ______ or _____ to the electron transport chain and then passed through intramembranous proteins.

NADH or FADH2

If ATP concentration begins to drop, respiration speeds up. When there is plenty of ATP, respiration slows down. What type of feedback system is this?

Negative feedback system

During cellular respiration, Does the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation generate any ATP?

No

________ anaerobes have to be in an anaerobic environment. Not typically pathogens --> they don't harm us.

Obligate anaerobes

Fermentation uses __________ instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP.

Phosphorylation

How do photosynthesis and cell respiration work together?

Photosynthesis makes glucose and oxygen; we use both as consumers. We use oxygen to break down glucose to make energy and release CO2 that photosynthesis uses to make glucose and oxygen over again.

How does energy leave organisms?

Physical exertion, boduly function. Takes energy to grow, heal, maintain homeostasis, to produce heat. (we are endothermic, we regulate our own body heat) this takes a lot of energy. This is why we eat three times a day.

In oxidative phosphorylation of cellular respiration, electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to what?

Pump H+ outside the mitochondrial matrix into the intramembrane space

The Kreb's cycle of cellular respiration completes what?

The energy-yielding breakdown of organic molecules

The Kreb's cycle of cellular respiration takes place where?

The mitochondria

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation of cellular respiration?

To build a hydrogen gradient

Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used __ _____ ______. (give example)

To make food products, yogurt

What does the enzyme ATP synthase do during oxidative phosphorylation of cellular respiration?

Uses catabolic flow of H+ to bind ADP+P=ATP

How does energy come into organisms?

We eat it

In ________ fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing CO2.

alcohol

Two common types of fermentation:

alcohol and lactic acid

What are NADH and FADH2 (cellular respiration)?

e- carriers taking to oxidative phosphorylation (step #3 of cellular respiration)

Anaerobic respiration uses an _______ _______ ____ with an electron acceptor other than O2.

electron transport chain

The glycolysis stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases:

energy investment phase and energy payoff phase

Fats are digested to _____ (used in glycolysis) and ____ _____ (used in generating acetyl CoA)

glycerol and fatty acids

Cellular respiration has three stages:

glycolysis, Citric acid cycle (krebs), and oxidative phosphorylation

______ respiration is reactions in the presence of oxygen, get the full amount of ATP in reactions with this

it is the preferred reactions.; Aerobic

In ______ _____ fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2.

lactic acid