Chapter 9: Chapter 9: Structuring and Outlining Your Speech

Conclusion Outline (3)

1. A summary statement to remind the major points. 2. Concluding remarks which integrate your speech into larger patterns of meaning. 3. End on a high note.

Working Outline and the two principles of outline

1. A tentative plan showing the pattern of a speech's major parts/main points, their relative importance, and the way they fit together. -Allows you to see the structure and interrelation of your ideas and materials as you develop them 1. Coordination 2. Subordination

Internal Summary (3)

1. A transition that reminds listeners of major points already presented in a speech before proceeding to new ideas. 2. Important in problem-solution speeches; signals when the speech is done 3. Brief and to the point to highlight main ideas.

the disadvantage and advantage of Formal Outlines (2)

1. Advantage: discipline and well-prepared with responsible knowledge. 2. Disadvantage: don't read it during the speech except for exact quotes.

Body and the 3 process of constructing the body

1. Body: The section of a speech that contains your main ideas and the materials that support them. Process of structuring the body: 1. Selecting, arranging, and developing your main and supporting points and materials. 2. Developing a working outline. 3. Adding transitions that connect the various points of your speech.

Arranging Your Main Points (9)

1. Categorical Design: Arranges the main ideas of a speech by natural or customary divisions. -Also known as topical designs. 2. Comparative Design: Explores the similarities and differences among things. -Literal: based on comparing the same kinds of things. -Figurative: Relating two subjects that belong to different worlds of experience. 3. Sequential Design: Explains the steps of a process in the order in which they should be taken. 4. Spatial Design: Arranges the main points of a speech as they occur in actual space, creating an oral map. 5. Chronological Design: Explains events or historical developments in the order in which they occurred. 6. Causation Design: Considers the origins or consequences of a situation or event. 7. Problem-solution Design: Focuses attention on a problem and offers a solution for it. 8. Refutative Design: A persuasive design in which the speaker challenges other views. 9. Narrative Design: Speech structure that develops a story from beginning to end through a prologue, plot, and epilogue.

Transitions (2)

1. Connecting elements that cue listeners that you are finished making one point and are moving on to the next. 2. It previews into the body AND summaries leading into the concluding remarks.

Selecting and using introductory and concluding techniques

1. Consider relevance to your message and the mood you wish to establish 2. Consider the members of your audience and what techniques might best tune your message to their needs and interest 3. Keep it brief! 4. Do what you do best

Use the Refutative Design to (4)

1. Defends a disputed thesis and confronting opposing views with reasoning and evidence. 2. Identifies a new opposing argument and then shows why it is mistaken or logically flawed. 3. Should not allow yourself to make personal attacks and degenerate the other argument. 4. in public policy debates.

Providing concluding remarks (8)

1. Echoing your introduction (bookend) 2. Restating the relevance of your message to your audience 3. Issuing a call to action 4. Asking a rhetorical question 5. Closing with a story 6. Closing with a quotation 7. Closing with a metaphor 8. Using strategic repetition

The steps to problem-solution design (2)

1. First, convince the audience that they have a problem that they must deal with. 2. Second, show how your solution makes sense. Is it practical and affordable? Will it improve their lives?

Introduction Outline (3)

1. Gain the attention from the audience. 2. Meaning should be clear in the thesis statement. 3. Best to write the intro first then commit to memory.

Heading (2)

1. Heading offers title, topic, and specific purpose statement. 2. Do not begin with "My topic is..." or specific purpose statement

Guidelines for Oral Documentation (6)

1. Identify the publication in which the material appears. 2. Identify the time frame of the publication (usually the year is sufficient unless the material is time-sensitive). 3. Offer "highlight" credentials for the experts you cite. 4. Select direct quotations that are brief and that will have an impact. 5. Avoid presenting every detail of the written citation. 6. Controversial and time-sensitive material requires fuller oral documentation.

Capturing attention (6)

1. Invoking shared interests and values 2. Urging audience participation 3. Using appropriate humor 4. Opening with a narrative 5. Opening with a quotation 6. Startling the audienc

Main Points and how to select it (1+2)

1. Main Points: The most important ideas developed in support of the thesis statement. 1. Establishes your thesis statement and satisfies your specific purpose. 2. Main points should appear repeatedly during research.

A well-ordered speech have (3)

1. Open by introducing the message and orienting the audience 2. Develop main ideas in the body of the speech 3. Summarizing and reflecting upon the meaning of what has been said

What does it mean to preview and how (3)

1. Preview: The part of the introduction that identifies the main points to be developed in the body of the speech and presents an overview of the speech to follow -effective transition into the body of your speech 2. are useful for speech addressing unfamiliar, complicated or technical topics 3. You can use foreshadowing to alert that something important will happen

How can you repeat key points for emphasis (3)

1. Repeating key ideas and information help simplify the structure of a speech and reinforce its central ideas and information 2. Parallel construction: Wording points in a repeated pattern to emphasize their importance and to show how they are both related and contrasted 3. preview their message in the introduction -repeat these message as they are developing in the body -repeat it again and review them in the conclusion

Formal Outline and the 5 things it includes

1. Represents the completed plan of your speech, offering an overview of its major components and how they fit together and listing the research sources the support it. Includes: 1. A heading with a title, topic, and specific purpose statement 2. An introduction, including attention material, thesis statement, and preview 3. The fully developed body of your speech 4. A conclusion offering a summary statement and concluding remarks 5. A list of works consulted or cited

How do you phrase Main Points

1. Same word pattern creates a message that is easy to understand

Developing Your Main Points (2)

1. Select main points (general statements) 2. Develop sub points and sub-sub points

Body Outline (2)

1. Should consist of main points, sub points, and sub-sub points. 2. Each main and supporting points of a formal outline should be worded as a complete, simple sentence containing only one idea. -Allows you to focus on and clarify the structure and logic of your speech.

Principles of a Well-Structured Speech (3)

1. Simiplicity 2. Order 3. Balance

Source vs Oral Citations (2)

1. Source Citations: Abbreviated references in a formal outline to research sources that support the points made. 2. Oral Citations: References to supporting materials during the speech that strengthen the credibility of the speech and support controversial and surprising claims. -Don't overwhelm the audience with citations, but use them when necessary.

How to balance the development of each main point? (3)

1. Strive for equal emphasize- when the main point seem equally important 2. Descending emphasize- Start from the most important point (most time) and then presenting the others 3. Ascending emphasis- touches briefly on the problem and focuses primarily on prospective solution and how audience members might become actively involve

Sub points vs sub sub points (2)

1. Sub points: The major divisions of a speech's main points. -Offers more specific materials, develops the main points, and makes your topic and yourself credible. 2. Sub-sub points: Strengthen sub points by supplying relevant supporting materials. -Answers critical questions for the reader -facts, figures, expert testimony, narratives, examples = explain how your ideas apply to specific situations.

Balance (2)

1. Suggest that the introduction, body and conclusion receive appropriate development -major parts of the speech should receive appropriate development 2. Balance the development of each main point in your speech

Length of balanced presentations (2)

1. The body should be the longest part of your speech 2. introduction are slightly longer but the combined length should be less than the body of the speech

Coordination vs Subordination (2)

1. The requirement that statements equal in importance be placed on the same level in an outline. 2. The requirement that material in an outline descend in importance from general to the specific--from main points to sub points to sub-sub points and so on.

Why is structuring and outlining your speech important (3)

1. Well-organized speeches are easier to follow, understand and remember -Audience perception of your competence and will help you be more confident 2. Recent research confirms that student learn how to structure messages more effectively in public speaking classes, which transfer to to writing as well 3. It is an important part of finding your voice as an ethical speaker

Work Cited vs Consulted (2)

1. Works cited list: Supplies complete, relevant information about sources of research actually cited in the speech. -Included in the conclusion of the formal outline. 2. Works Consulted List: Supplies complete, relevant information about all sources of research considered in the preparation of the speed.

Order (3)

1. a consistent pattern used to develop a speech 2. The main points should be developed and organized within a design scheme 3. Prepare the body of the speech first then structure for introduction and conclusion

How can you limit the number of main points? (1+4)

1. engage in the process of prioritizing and subordinating ideas and information 1. Thesis statement offers an overview 2. each main point elaborates and develops the thesis statements 3. the subpoints organize and focu the secondary ideas so that they support the main points 4. overlapping -> combine them

Establishing your crediblity (2)

1. forming a favorable initial impression of your ethos: your competence, integrity, goodwill and dynamism -impression that you found your voice 2. special personal experience and special work experience = you bring authentic interest and credential = listen more

Summarizing your message (4)

1. remind your listeners of what they have heard 2. brief summary of your main points can serve as a transition between the body of the speech and concluding remarks 3. Signal the audience that you are about to finish 4. Shouldn't be a simple repetition-> a chance to reflect on and reinforce the central message

Simplicity (4)

1. suggest that a speech has a limited number of main points and that they are short and direct 2. limit the number of main points -The fewer the main points in a speech, the better -it takes time to develop each point 3. Repeating key points for emphasis 4. Phrasing Main Points

Conclusion (2)

1. summary of your message 2. provide some concluding remarks

Motivated Sequence (5)

Expanded version of the problem-solution design that emphasizes 1. drawing attention to the situation 2. demonstrating a need to change it 3. explaining how to satisfy this problem 4. visualizing the results of following or not following the speaker's advice 5. issuing a call for action.

Introduction definition (3)

The part of your speech that should 1. capture listener's attention 2. establish your ethos 3. preview your message