Chapter 9
99) Ariana is a student who listens attentively in class and recopies and elaborates on her notes from several textbooks the minute she gets home from school. She studies with a group that explains concepts to each other, and they write on a big blackboard while they work. She makes flashcards out of the few vocabulary terms she has a hard time keeping straight, and goes through those between classes and in spare moments. What kind(s) of memory are being developed by Ariana, and by which methods?
- trying to consolidate info into long term memory. - flashcards help to develop associative learning skills. - explicit or declaritve memory created with group studying
98) What function(s) is/are associated with the basal ganglia? Huntington's disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, causing neural degeneration, and resulting in abnormal muscle movements and decreases in cognition. What may cause the decreased cognition? Effective treatment for Huntington's has been elusive, but recently it was shown that a cause of neuron degeneration may be calcium overload. What potential type of treatment does this suggest?
-basal ganglia involved in motor control and may play a role in cognition as well. - Calcium channel blockers may be developed as a means for treatments.
95) How are moods similar to or different from emotions?
-moods last longer -mood is a subjective stable feelings related to sense of well being. depression is though to be related to abnormal neurotransmitter action
100) Describe the embryonic development of the nervous system.
...he earliest neural structure is the neural plate, a flat sheet of tissue located on the dorsal surface of the embryo, clearly visible at day 20 post- fertilization. The edges of the plate fold and cells of the neural crest migrate toward the midline, until a hollow neural tube is formed from the plate by about day 23. The lumen will become the fluid- filled central cavitiesof theCNS. Thelumen islined with ependymal cellsand neural stem cells. Cellsof theneural crest will continue to migrate, forming the structures of the PNS. The rest of the tube will become the CNS. By 4 weeks, three discreteswellingswill form in theanterior end of thetube: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Theremainder of the tube becomes the spinal cord. By 6 weeks, the cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata are distinct. By 11 weeks the cerebrum is noticeably enlarged.
17) Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by the A) choroid plexus. B) arachnoid villi. C) frontal sinuses. D) ventricles. E) pia mater.
A. choroid plexus
5) Simple reflexes in a worm are integrated within a segment rather than in the brain, because worms A) have a ganglion at each segment. B) do not have brains. C) have a neural network within each segment. D) do not have a nervous system.
A. have ganglion at each segment
15) Which statement about the hypothalamus is FALSE? A) It receives sensory fibers from the optic tract, ears, and spinal cord. B) It receives input from multiple sources. C) Hypothalamic trophic factors control the release of anterior pituitary hormones. D) The hypothalamus contains various centers for behavioral drives such as hunger and thirst.
A. it receives sensory fibers from the optic tract, ears, and spinal cord.
32) The internal clock of mammals appears to be located in the A) suprachiasmatic nucleus. B) pons. C) brain stem. D) pituitary gland. E) choroid plexus.
A. suprachiasmatic nucleus
92) You are walking to class, thinking about the complexities of physiology, when you trip over an uneven place in the sidewalk, and fall. Unhurt but embarrassed and angry, you jump up and look around to see if anyone is watching. From your knowledge of neuroanatomy and function, explain how the following areas of the brain might be involved in this situation: A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. limbic system
A.Cerebrum= conscious perception and voluntary motor control. Various areas of the cortex will detect the falling and landing on the ground.Motor areas will initiate standing up and brushing your self off. B.The cerebellum receives a copy of the motor output from the cerebrum that controls spinal motor neurons, and also sensory input. The cerebellum compares the sensory and motor information to coordinate the execution of movement. Obviously the cerebellum was unable to prevent you from falling; however, your return to an upright position may be executed smoothly thanks to this brain area. Limbic system= involved in emotion- fear anger arises here.
11) The first multicellular animals to develop neurons had structures known as nerve A) nets. B) mazes. C) tracts. D) webs. E) cords.
A.nets
3) The peripheral nervous system develops from the A) neural crest. B) neural plate. C) neural tube.
A.neural crest
37) Declarative memories are stored in cortical areas of the ________ lobes. A) temporal B) amygdala C) frontal D) parietal E) cerebellar
A.temporal
74) carry sensory information to the brain
Ascending tracts
60) all lobes of the cerebrum
Assocition areas
66) temporal lobe
Auditory cortex
20) The brain consumes about half of the ________ circulating in the body. A) potassium B) glucose C) fatty acids D) oxygen E) sodium
B. glucose
28) The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the A) suprachiasmatic nucleus. B) corpus callosum. C) hippocampus. D) H-shaped grey matter. E) basal nuclei.
B.Corpus Callosum
25) Which of these does NOT contribute significantly to the protection of the brain? A) subarachnoid space B) cerebral space C) cranium D) dura mater E) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
B.cerebral space
34) Language and verbal skills tend to be ________ side of the brain. A) equally distributed between the left and right B) concentrated on the left C) concentrated on the right D) randomly located with respect to the left or right
B.concentrated on the left
44) The pons develops from the A) midbrain. B) hindbrain. C) forebrain.
B.hindbrain
23) The earliest embryonic region from which the entire nervous system eventually develops is the A) ventricle. B) neural plate. C) ependyma. D) neural crest. E) neural tube.
B.neural plate
22) The mixed cranial nerve that projects to and from internal organs, muscles, and glands is the ________ nerve. A) glossopharyngeal B) vagus C) trochlear D) spinal accessory E) trigeminal
B.vagus
4) Experimental animals become tamer and more sexually active following damage to the A) hippocampus. B) suprachiamatic nucleus. C) amygdala. D) corpus callosum. E) hypothalamus.
C. Amygdala
27) Reasoning arises in the outer layer of neurons of which of the following? A) basal nuclei B) amygdala C) cerebrum or cerebral cortex D) hippocampus E) amygdala and hippocampus
C. Cerebrum or cerebral cortex
13) There is a story about an autopsy having been performed on a space alien in New Mexico, many decades ago. Assuming that this alien was as well-educated and trained on its planet similar to how NASA educates and trains astronauts on Earth, what feature would be expected in the alien's brain? A) glandular structures resembling the pineal and pituitary B) a system of fluid-filled cavities deep in the brain C) an enlarged area with surface grooves and folds D) at least 12 pairs of cranial nerves E) a thick band of fibers connecting right and left hemispheres
C. an enlarged area with surface grooves and folds.
21) When a puppy is scolded "No!" each time he chews on your homework, eventually he learns to leave your homework alone. This type of learning is called A) sensitization. B) nonassociative. C) associative. D) habituation.
C.associative
36) Which is NOT located in the medulla oblongata? A) centers for blood pressure control B) centers for vomiting control C) centers for eye movement control D) the pyramids, where tracts cross to the opposite side of the body E) centers for breathing control
C.centers for eye movement control
31) The brain region can be identified by its folds and grooves is the A) cerebellum only. B) medulla oblongata only. C) cerebellum and cerebrum. D) cerebrum only. E) cerebrum and medulla oblongata.
C.cerebellum and cerebrum
24) Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in A) ventral root ganglia. B) ventral horns. C) dorsal root ganglia. D) dorsal horns. E) propriospinal tracts.
C.dorsal root ganglia
30) Caffeine and related stimulants exert their effects by A) mimicking a specific neuromodulator. C) inhibiting a specific neuromodulator. B) inhibiting a specific neurotransmitter. D) mimicking a specific neurotransmitter.
C.inhibitng a specific neuromodulator.
10) The most primitive region of the cerebrum is probably the A) corpus callosum. B) pons. C) limbic system. D) reticular system. E) basal nuclei.
C.limbic system
33) Some types of antihistamines make one sleepy, others do not. This difference is partly because of a difference in A) ATP-dependence of drug transport. B) the type of receptor involved. C) lipid solubility. D) whether or not the drug mimics the hormone melatonin.
C.lipid solubility
51) The ________ is a salty fluid continuously secreted into hollow cavities known as ________. This fluid is secreted into these cavities by the ________, a specialized tissue consisting of capillaries and transport epithelium.
CSF ventricles choroid plexus
61) receives sensory input from the inner ear's receptors for equilibrium and balance
Cerebellum
75) composed of many small nuclei, an area that integrates and relays sensory information that passes through it
Cerebrum
73) tracts of axons that transfer information up and down the spinal cord
Columns
1) The inability to remember newly acquired information is called A) implicit amnesia. B) discombobulation. C) retrograde amnesia. D) anterograde amnesia. E) short-term amnesia.
D. anterograde amneuse
6) Which functions in the control of movement? A) hippocampus and amygdala B) amygdala only C) hippocampus only D) basal nuclei only E) All of the above function in the control of movement.
D. basal nuclei only
29) Reflexive memories are stored in areas of the A) parietal lobe. B) occipital lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) cerebellum. E) frontal lobe.
D. cerebellum
26) The hormone that is released to increase the fight-or-flight reaction is A) antidiuretic hormone. B) prolactin. C) oxytocin. D) epinephrine. E) thyroid hormone.
D. epinephrine
2) The first multicellular animals to develop neurons were A) flatworms and sea urchins. B) segmented worms and sea horses. C) fish and sea monkeys. D) jellyfish and sea anemones. E) mollusks and sea stars.
D. jellyfish and sea anemones
42) Which of these functions is NOT related to the reticular formation? A) sleep B) pain modulation C) muscle tone D) menstrual cycle E) arousal
D. menstrual cycle
43) The brain area described as the center for emotions is the A)suprachiasmatic nucleus. B) cerebellum. C) pons. D) amygdala. E) hypothalamus.
D.amygdala
45) You used to love to drink milk when you were a child. Lately, you notice that your stomach hurts and you experience bloating and discomfort when you drink it. It no longer want to drink milk when you see someone else drinking it. What kind of learning has occurred? A) anterograde B) associative C) habituation D) sensitization
D.sensitization
62) carry mostly efferent signals from the brain
Descending tracts
57) sensory fibers enter this part of the "H" shape
Dorsal Horns
82) swellings containing sensory cell bodies
Dorsal root ganglia
101) Give a brief summary of CNS control of movement.
motor output consists of somatic control of skeletal muscle. simple somatic reflexes are controlled by centers in the brain and spinal cord. Voluntary control of skeletal muscle involves primary motor cortex and motor association areas, sensory areas, basal nuclei, and cerebellum.
9) The brain area(s) that has/have a cortex is/are the A) medulla oblongata only. B) cerebrum only. C) cerebrum and medulla oblongata. D) cerebellum only. E) cerebrum and cerebellum.
E. Cerebrum and cerebellum
7) Which of these has a higher concentration in cerebrospinal fluid than in the blood? A.Ca2+ B.K+ C.Na+ D.HCO3- E. H+
E. H+
19) The brain has a ________ (high or low?) demand for oxygen, and receives about ________% of the total blood volume in circulation. A) high, 50 B) low, 35 C) high, 35 D) low, 15 E) high, 15
E. high, 15
16) An important structure in both learning and memory is the A) pons. B) medulla. C) cerebellum. D) hypothalamus. E) hippocampus.
E. hippocampus
41) Which brain area is considered to be a key integrating center for homeostasis? A) brain stem B) thalamus C) pituitary gland D) medulla E) hypothalamus
E. hypothalamus
12) A complete spinal cord transection injury results in paralysis, which is the inability to do which of the following? A) move at all and feel B) feel C) move at all D) move voluntarily E) move voluntarily and feel
E. move voluntarily and feel
14) Which is a system that influences motor output, according to Larry Swanson? A) emotional state B) developmental state C) diffuse modulatory D) emergent E) behavioral state
E.behavorial state
40) Symptoms of the fight-or-flight reaction include all of these EXCEPT A) pounding heart. B) pupillary dilation. C) sweating. D) increased blood pressure. E) hunger.
E.hunger
18) Substances that have been isolated from the blood and have been shown to induce sleep have also been linked to the ________ system. A) respiratory B) integumentary C) reproductive D) urinary E) immune
E.immune
39) Altered effectiveness of synaptic transmission occurs in A) synchronicity. B) synaptic plasticity. C) consolidation. D) training. E) long-term potentiation.
E.long term potentiation
8) The brain's integration of sensory stimuli is called A) emotion. B) proprioception. C) lateralization. D) cognition. E) perception.
E.perception
35) General anesthetics keep surgical patients unconscious by reducing activity in the A) medullary pyramids. B) hippocampus. C) corpus callosum. D) lateral ventricles. E) reticular formation.
E.reticular formation
55) The measurement of brain activity is recorded by a procedure known as the ________.
EEG
54) Extracellular fluid is a protective part of the CNS. The ________ fluid, found inside the pia mater, and the ________ fluid, found in ventricles between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane, make up the extracellular environment for neurons. They communicate across leaky junctions of the ________ membrane and the ________ cell layer that lines the ventricles
Interstitial cerebrospinal pial ependymal
89) There are three divisions of the brain. Make a table and place each of the six regions of the brain in one of the three divisions.
Forebrain midbrain hindbrain cerbrum midbrain pons diencephalon medulla oblaganta , cerebellum
49) In annelids, simple reflexes occurring within a segment (i.e., without brain input) are possible because of ________; in vertebrates these reflexes are called ________.
Ganglia spinal reflexes
52) The only fuel source for neurons under normal circumstances is ________. Low blood levels of this fuel source is termed ________, which can lead to confusion, unconsciousness, and eventually death. In order to synthesize enough ATP to continually transport ions, the neurons also exhibit high ________ demand. To supply these needs about ________% of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the brain.
Glucose Hypoglycemia oxygen 15
58) basal ganglia
Gray matter
46) Two areas of the brain missing the blood-brain barrier are the ________ and ________.
Hypothalamus medulla
65) contains corticospinal tracts, the pyramids, and control centers for breathing, swallowing, and blood pressure
Medulla oblongata
53) The three sections of the brain stem are ________, ________, and ________.
Medulla, pons, midbrain
68) small area that relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes as well as eye movement
Midbrain
56) clusters of gray matter in the brain
Nuclei
67) parietal lobe
Primary somatic sensory cortex
63) white matter that remains in the spinal cord
Propriospinal tracts
72) network to coordinate arousal and sleep, but also involved in blood pressure regulation and pain modulation
Reticular formation
38) Which of these have the most advanced nervous system? A) flatworms B) jellyfish C) sea anemones D) segmented worms
Segmented worms
64) ventral horn
Structure is composed of gray matter
76) composed of distinct regions of gray and white matter, a section of the brain that develops with sulci and gyri
Thalamus
69) myelinated axons with very few cell bodies
White matter
97) Explain neural plasticity in the brain, in the context of recovery from injury.
areas that were involved in the body part that was removed, dont dissapear but instead get taken over by nearby regions. Skills present on one side of the cerebral cortex can be developed on the other side. Right handed people may become left handed.
86) Describe the physical protection provided by the cerebrospinal fluid.
because the brain floats on the CSF there is less weight and therefore less pressure on the neurve and blood vessels. Also, it pads the brain and restricts the brain from hitting the cranium and that is why the head doesnt bruise easily when there is a blow to the head.
50) ________ is a naturally occurring stimulant in food, which acts upon ________ receptors.
caffeine, adenosine
83) limbic system
composed of gray matter
84) Parkinson's disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, resulting in tremors in limbs, slowness in beginning and completing movements, and other abnormalities of muscle control. The specific population of neurons involved degenerates and thus fails to produce the neurotransmitter dopamine. An obvious treatment option to try is to administer dopamine, yet this is completely ineffective at alleviating the symptoms. Propose a reason why this treatment fails, and a related alternative to address the dopamine deficit. (Hint: Think about how the brain protects itself from chemicals in the blood.)
dopamine of a parkisons will not be able to cross the blood-brain barrier.
87) Trace the language pathway of signals from the eye (written words) or the ear (spoken words) to the motor cortex. Discuss the two regions of the cortex involved in this pathway. Describe their location and the communication problems that can occur if there is damage to either area.
eye->visual cortex->werneck area-> brocca area->motor cortex ear->auditory cortex-->wern area-->broca area->motor cortex Wernecki area is located in the temporal lobe and damage to this area causes the person to be unware of incoming stimuli, auditory or sensory. The results is receptive aphasia,nonsensical speech that the speeker is unaware of. brocas area is located in the frontal lobe. Damage to this area causes the person to be unable to respond using normal syntax. the resulting condition is expressive aphasia. The person with damage to brocas area can understand the incoming sensory stimuli and can respond, but their statements they respond in come in random order that theyre unable to correct it.
91) Ginger was a happy, healthy 17-year-old girl. One day while sitting at the kitchen table with her family, she looked up with an odd expression, complained that her head hurt, dropped her fork, and fell off her chair as she lost consciousness. Her father caught her before her head hit the floor. Ginger regained consciousness at the hospital, where it was determined that she had suffered from a ruptured brain aneurysm. An aneurysm results when a blood vessel wall becomes progressively thinner and weaker, and can ultimately rupture, depriving of blood the areas it normally supplies. Sometimes permanent brain damage results. Ginger seems to have all of her normal functions and cognitive abilities, except she cannot see. What areas did the ruptured blood vessel possibly supply with blood? If instead of blindness she could see normally but control of eye movement was abnormal, what areas may have been damaged by loss of blood?
for blindness- damage to occipital lobes or optic nerves for eye movement-damage to the midbrain
48) Under normal circumstances, the only fuel source for the neurons of the brain is ________.
glucose
59) cerebral cortex
gray matter
80) unmyelinated, consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals
gray matter
78) playing key roles in homeostasis, an area that contains centers for hunger and thirst, as well as controlling the autonomic nervous systems
hypothalamus
77) relay station for transfer of information between the cerebrum and cerebellum; coordinates breathing control with other areas
pons
94) Discuss the functions of the blood-brain barrier. What cellular characteristics contribute to its effectiveness?
protects the brain from toxic water soluble compounds, and pathogens. astrocytes foot processes secrete paracrines--> promote tight junctions between endothelial cells. contains highly selective permeability of brain capalliries. -astrocyte barrier -endothelial cell transport small lipid-soluble molecules can cross -neurons are protected from harmful substances bc of the bbb.
96) Describe a lumbar puncture and explain its purpose.
samples the cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachanoid space at the lower end of the spinal cord. Sample the chemical part of the brain and test for infection--> indicated by proteins or blood cells found in sample.
93) Describe cerebrospinal fluid flow from secretion to absorption.
secreted by the choroid plexus. flows into the subarachanoid place to surround the brain and spinal cord. absorbed back in the blood at arachanoid villi.
47) In vertebrates, the CNS is protected by bony cases, the brain inside the ________, while the spinal cord runs through a canal inside the ________.
skull vertebrae
71) corpus callosum
structure is composed of white matter
79) corticospinal tracts
structure is composed of white matter
70) carries motor information from spinal cord to muscles and glands
ventral root
81) occipital lobe
visual cortex
85) If a diabetes mellitus patient always has high blood glucose, what is likely to happen to the nervous system, and what are the possible outcomes?
with too much glucose, the blood-brain barrier may remove glucose transporters and therefore inhibit the brain's neurons from obtaining a sufficient amount of glucose and may lead to death.
