Chapter 9: Energy Balance and Healthy Body Weight
Obesity Statistics
1 in 3 children are overweight or obese 3 in 4 adults are overweight or obese
Amount of calories in a pound
1,000 calories
True or False: BMR measures body fat
False
True or False: Some foods promote BMR and weight loss
False
True or False: Thinking habits are not as important as eating habits when it comes to achieving a healthy body weight.
False
True or False: Adolescents are likely to grow out of early disordered eating behaviors by young adulthood.
False; Disordered eating behaviors in early life set a pattern that likely continues into young adulthood.
True or False: According to genomic researchers, a single inherited gene is the probable cause of common obesity.
False; Genomic researchers have identified multiple genes likely to play roles in obesity development but have not so far identified a single genetic cause of common obesity.
True or False: The BMI standard is an excellent tool for evaluating obesity in athletes and the elderly.
False; The BMI are unsuitable for use with athletes and adults over age 65.
True or False: The thermic effect of food plays a major role in energy expenditure.
False; The thermic effect of food is believed to have negligible effects on total energy expenditure.
True or False: Appetite is the term for the physiologic response to an absence of food in the digestive tract.
False; appetite is the psychological response to an absence of food in the digestive tract
True or False: The two largest components of energy expenditure are basal metabolism and involuntary activities.
False; it is actually basal metabolism and voluntary activities
True or False: Physical activity must be long and tiring to achieve weight loss
False; it should be fun
True or False: During a complete fast that lasts four days, the body will rely only on stored glycogen and fat for energy.
False; proteins can also be converted into glucose
True or False: There are no major long-term risks of weight-loss surgeries such as gastric bypass.
False; some of the long-term risks include weight gain, nutrient deficiency, nausea, vomiting, and dehydration
True or False: Over-the-counter drugs for obesity are most often effective and pose little risk.
False; these actually are not effective and pose a lot of risk
True or False: Older adults need more energy because as they get older, they have less lean tissue and slowed down BMR
False; they need to intake less energy
True or False: When a sedentary adult's energy balance is positive, carbohydrate is converted to glycogen or fat, protein is converted to muscle, and food fat is stored as fat in adipose cells.
False; this happens when the energy is not being used as it is being taken in
True or False: A typical bulimic binge consists of easy-to-eat, high-fiber, smooth-textured, low-calorie foods.
False; typical bulimic binge consists of easy-to-eat, low-fiber, smooth textured, high-calorie foods
Major sources of energy intake
Food and beverages (excluding water)
Foods that satisfy satiety
Foods high in fiber and protein
Factors Used to Calculate BMI
Height and weight
True or False: A diet too low in carbohydrate brings about responses that are similar to fasting.
True
True or False: A healthy person could be totally deprived of food for 6-8 weeks and could survive via ketosis.
True
True or False: African American people of all ages may have more lean tissue per pound of body weight than Asians or Caucasians.
True
True or False: After eating, we feel hungry 4-6 hours later
True
True or False: Anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric disorders.
True
True or False: Behavior modification therapy attempts to make changes to conscious thoughts with the goal of improving adherence to lifestyle modifications for weight control.
True
True or False: Excess amino acids are used for energy or are converted to glucose or fat.
True
True or False: In many people, any kind of stress can cause overeating and weight gain.
True
True or False: In order to gain weight, a person should participate in strength training and eat frequently
True
True or False: In the long run, low-carbohydrate diets are not more effective for weight loss than any other low-calorie diet.
True
True or False: Leptin suppresses appetite
True
True or False: People with anorexia tend to be perfectionists and from middle-upperclassed families
True
True or False: People with at least one obese parent have a 30-70% chance of becoming obese
True
True or False: Research suggests there is a relationship between intestinal microbial colonies and obesity.
True
True or False: Starvation decreases BMR.
True
True or False: Susie tends to eat when she is not really hungry and eats more food when she is angry or depressed. These are examples of environmental cues to overeating.
True
True or False: The DRI Recommendation for carbs is 130 g/day
True
True or False: The nervous system cannot use fat as fuel.
True
True or False: The risk of dying from morbid (extreme) obesity is equal to the risk of dying from smoking.
True
True or False: Today, an estimated 69 percent of the adults in the United States are overweight or obese.
True
True or False: Visceral body fat increases risk for hypertension
True
True or False: Visceral fatness indicates an increase of disease risk
True
Efforts in all of the following realms are necessary for weight change: a. eating patterns, physical activity, and behavior modification b. eating patterns, physical activity, and carbohydrate control c. carbohydrate control, physical activity, and behavior modification d. eating patterns, physical activity, and psychotherapy
a
The use of BMI to predict body fatness is of most value in what population? a. adults between the ages of 19 and 50 b. athletes c. the elderly d. pregnant women e. women over 50
a
What is a beneficial role of physical activity in weight loss? a. Working out builds muscle and lean muscle tissue burns more calories per pound than fat does. b. Exercise reduces cortisol and gets rid of belly fat. c. Working out requires extra sleep and getting extra sleep reduces food cravings and weight gain. d. Physical activity decreases weight by promoting loss of bone density. e. Working out weakens feelings of hunger; thus, active people generally less.
a
When the brain receives signals that enough food has been eaten, this is called ________. a. satiation b. ghrelin c. adaptation d. none of the above
a
Which of the following foods has the highest energy density? a. Food A: weighs 38 grams and provides 300 cal b. Food B: weighs 40 grams and provides 250 cal c. Food C: weighs 50 grams and provides 100 cal d. Food D: weighs 600 grams and provides 1000 cal e. Food E: weighs 200 grams and provides 750 cal
a
Which of the following is a physical consequence of fasting? a. loss of lean body tissues b. lasting weight loss c. body cleansing d. all of the above
a
Aneroxia
a disorder in which the irrational fear of becoming obese results in severe weight loss from self-imposed starvation
A built environment can support physical activity with a. safe biking and walking lanes. b. public parks. c. free exercise facilities. d. all of the above.
d
All of the following are health risks associated with excessive body fat except __________. a. respiratory problems b. sleep apnea c. gallbladder disease d. low blood lipids
d
BMI is of limited value for a. athletes b. pregnant and lactating women c. adults older than age 65 d. all of the above
d
Emily has been overweight most of her life and she has been on almost every type of diet possible. Although she loses weight in the first few months of following the diet, a year later she starts to regain. Which of the following types of diets would you recommend for Emily? a. low-fat diet b. low-carbohydrate diet c. high-protein diet d. calorie-reduced diet e. high-fat diet
d
Metabolic syndrome greatly increases the risk of _____. a. cancer b. kidney disease c. ulcers d. heart disease e. dementia
d
The appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin is made by the __________. a. brain b. fat tissue c. pancreas d. stomach
d
What is the most likely primary source of fuel for the central nervous system after a person refrains from eating for ten days (a prolonged fast)? a. liver glycogen b. muscle glycogen c. fatty acids d. ketone bodies e. protein from lean tissue
d
Which of the following is least likely to occur as a symptom of anorexia? a. weakened heart b. kidney failure c. decreased basal metabolic rate d. high body temperature e. growth failure
d
Why does administering leptin fail to reverse the majority of obesity cases? a. because it is an appetite-stimulating hormone b. because it is a satiety hormone c. because fat loss suppresses leptin recognition d. because obese people are often leptin-resistant e. because it decreases energy expenditure
d
What is the "female athlete triad"? a. three behaviors common in female athletes: perfectionism, anxiety, and depression b. three medical problems: heart disease, diabetes, and obesity c. three academic problems: poor test-taking skills, test anxiety, and fear of academic failure d. three athletic problems: impaired speed, loss of balance, and inflexibility e. three associated medical problems: disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis
e
What is the most likely source of glucose fuel for the central nervous system after a person has refrained from eating for one whole day (a short fast)? a. liver glycogen b. muscle glycogen c. fatty acids d. ketone bodies e. protein from lean tissue
e
Our body is made up of _____ and _____
fat and lean tissue
Excessive body fat is associated with ____ and _____
some cancers and gallbladder disease
Hunger
the physiological need for food
BMR (basal metabolic rate)
the rate at which energy is used to keep the body alive when in a rested and fasting state
BMI Ranges
underweight: <18.5 normal: 19-24 overweight: 25-30 obese: >30 extremely obese: >40
What does waist circumference measure?
visceral fat
Bulimia
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
Brown adipose tissue ________. a. develops during starvation b. is a well-known heat-generating tissue c. develops as fat cells die off d. all of the above
b
How does the body deal with excess energy from a meal containing carbohydrate, fat, and protein? a. Carbohydrate is stored as glycogen, fat is stored in adipose cells, and protein is stored as muscle. b. Some proportion of carbohydrate is stored as glycogen and the rest, along with the excess fat, is stored as fat in adipose cells. c. Carbohydrate is stored as glycogen and excess energy from fat and protein is stored in muscle. d. All excess energy is stored as fat in adipose cells. e. Excess fat is stored in adipose cells and excess carbohydrate and protein are excreted.
b
Most people who successfully maintain weight loss do all of the following except a. continue to employ many of the routines that reduced their weight in the first place. b. obtain at least some guidance from popular diet books. c. reward themselves for sticking with their plan. d. monitor their weight and routine.
b
The number of calories to cut from the diet to produce weight loss should be based on a. the amount of weight the person wishes to lose. b. the person's BMI. c. the amount of food the person wishes to consume. d. the RDA for energy for the person's gender and age.
b
What evidence suggests that a highly palatable, fat-rich, and sugar-rich food supply could be contributing to excessive overeating and weight gain? a. obese people have too much dopamine b. highly palatable food causes lasting changes in the brain's reward system c. brain scans have shown that obese people are less likely to prefer fruit and vegetables d. eating highly palatable food decreases energy expenditure e. obese people are more likely to use cocaine
b
What theory suggests that after weight gains or losses, the body adjusts its metabolism somewhat in the direction of restoring the original weight? a. thermogenesis theory b. set-point theory c. microbiota theory d. fluctuating metabolism theory e. hypothalamic weight-control theory
b
Which of the following statements about basal metabolic rate (BMR) is correct? a. The greater a person's age, the higher the BMR. b. The more thyroxine produced, the higher the BMR. c. Fever lowers the BMR. d. Pregnancy lowers the BMR.
b
Organs that signal satitation
Brain, small intestine, stomach, and hypothalamus
Major determinant of anorexia
Distorted body image
How the Body Expends Energy
Physical activity, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and BMR
Visceral fat deposition may result in the following chronic illnesses
Stroke, hypertension, and Type II Diabetes
A man at a healthy weight may have, on the average, a body fat percentage of _____. a. 5-10% b. 10-15% c. 18-20% d. 23-30% e. 30-35%
c
Body fat can be assessed by which of the following techniques? a. blood lipid test b. chest circumference c. dual energy X-ray absorptiometry d. all of the above
c
To maintain energy balance, an individual's energy intake should equal _____. a. his or her BMI b. his or her basal metabolic rate c. his or her total energy output d. his or her thermic effect of food e. his or her energy expended through voluntary activities
c
Which of the following is an appropriate behavior modification for replacing old eating and activity habits with new ones? a. Establish positive consequences for inappropriate eating or sedentary behaviors. b. Repeat the inappropriate eating and physical activity behaviors. c. Strengthen cues to appropriate eating and activities. d. Strengthen the inappropriate eating cues you cannot eliminate. e. Diminish appropriate eating and activity cues.
c
Binge-eating
eating a lot of food and feeling satisfied because of the hormone, dopamine