Chapter 9
During the early childhood years, children's vocabulary increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the
"vocabulary spurt" and has been claimed to involve an expansion in vocabulary at a rate of 10-20 new words per week
Psychosocial development theory : (birth to 12 months
1. Trust is the basis of our development during infancy (birth to 12 months) à baby seeing the world as safe and predictable or anxious, fearful, and mistrusting.
Psychosocial development theory : ages 1-3 years
2.As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results based on their preferences
Psychosocial development theory : ages 3-6 years
3. Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of initiating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play; initiative vs guilt · achieving goals while interacting with others à self-confidence and purpose or feelings of guilt/initiative misfiring.
Psychosocial development theory : ages 6-12 years
4. During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children face the task of industry versus inferiority. Children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up.
Psychosocial development theory : 20s-early40s
5. People in early adulthood (i.e., 20s through early 40s) are concerned with intimacy versus isolation. After we have developed a sense of self in adolescence, we are ready to share our life with others.
Psychosocial development theory : 40s
6. When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. The social task of middle adulthood is generativity versus stagnation
concrete operational stage,
7 to 11 years old. Children can think logically about real (concrete) events; they have a firm grasp on the use of numbers and start to employ memory strategies. They can perform mathematical operations and understand transformations, such as addition is the opposite of subtraction, and multiplication is the opposite of division
Psychosocial development theory : mid-60s
7. From the mid-60s to the end of life, we are in the period of development known as late adulthood. Erikson's task at this stage is called integrity versus despair. He said that people in late adulthood reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure.
fetal
9-40wks recognizable form of a human being as the "tail" begins to disappear.
temperament
A child's temperament can influence parenting; refers to innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves and reacts with the environment
Carol Gilligan
A research assistant of Kohlberg, who consequently developed her own ideas of moral development. · criticized her former mentor's theory because it was based only on upper class White men and boys. · Argued that women are not deficient in their moral reasoning—she proposed that males and females reason differently · Girls and women focus more on staying connected and the importance of interpersonal relationships
Why do some psychologists disagree with Piaget's theory of development?
According to Piaget, the highest level of cognitive development is formal operational thought, which develops between 11 and 20 years old. However, many developmental psychologists disagree with Piaget, suggesting a fifth stage of cognitive development, known as the postformal stage
formal operational stage,
Age 11 to adulthood o children in the formal operational stage can also deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations. o Children in this stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. o In adolescence, a renewed egocentrism occurs
developmental milestones; they are affected by
Age-related averages used as general guidelines to compare children with same-age peers to determine the approximate ages they should reach specific normative events culture
preoperational stage,
Approximately 2 to 7 years old; children can use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas, which is why children in this stage engage in pretend play
Schemata
Are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. When children learn new information, they adjust their schemata through two processes: assimilation and accommodation.
Normative approach
Asks "what is normal development?" and studies milestones in the three developmental stages
prenatal development
Beginning as a one-cell structure to your birth, your development occurred in an orderly and delicate sequence.
theory-of-mind (TOM)
Between 3 and 5 years old, children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own. They are also able to recognize false beliefs
Harlow (1958)
Concluded that there was more to the mother-child bond than nourishment with his monkey experiment: concluded: Feelings of comfort and security are the critical components to maternal-infant bonding, which leads to healthy psychosocial development
A zygote
During germinal stage: begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge
Conception
During germinal stage: occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote
blooming
Each neural pathway forms thousands of new connections during infancy and toddlerhood
stages of development
Germinal (weeks 1-2) -conception -zygote embryonic (weeks 3-8) fetal (9-40)
Cognitive theory of Development
He believed that thinking is a central aspect of development and that children are naturally inquisitive. Our cognitive abilities develop through specific stages, which exemplifies the discontinuity approach to development
Sensorimotor stage
Lasts from birth to about 2 years old. During this stage, children learn about the world through their senses and motor behavior.
To develop this theory, Kohlberg posed
Moral dilemmas to people of all ages, and then he analyzed their answers to find evidence of their particular stage of moral development; Heinz Dilemma
Motor skills
Refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects -development of this occurs in an orderly sequence as infants move from reflexive reactions to more advanced functioning.
How does Piaget's thoughts of cognitive development differ from research?
Researchers have found that even very young children understand objects and how they work long before they have experience with those objects
In what stage of cognitive development do children understand the principle of reversibility,
Reversibility means that objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition. during the concrete operational stage
Adolescence
Socially constructed concept; a time between childhood and adulthood; begins at puberty and ends at emerging adulthood
Developmental psychologists
Studying how humans change and grow from conception through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and death
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is universal, what does this mean?
The timing of basic motor functions may vary across cultures. However, the functions themselves are present in all societies
Secure base; necessities
a parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings -must be responsive to the child's physical, social and emotional needs and the caregiver -child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions.
smoking in pregnancy
a reduction in blood oxygen levels premature birth, low-birth-weight infants, stillbirth, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
John bowlby defined attachment as the
affectional bond or tie that an infant forms with the mother a normal social and emotional development
fetal week 37
all organ systems have developed
Teratogen
any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)
are a collection of birth defects associated with heavy consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. --> a small head size and abnormal facial features. Cognitively, these children may have poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores.
attention spans tend to be very limited until
around 11 years
Strange situation procedure studied
attachment between mothers and their infants; The mother and the infant are placed in a room together then she leaves a stranger comes in and then she comes back --> attachment types
in which stage of cognitive development do kids begin to use language?
begin to use language in the preoperational stage; but they cannot understand adult logic or mentally manipulate information
Disorganized attachment
behaved oddly in the stranger situation, tried to run away from the caregiver when they returned. Kids who have been abused; abuse disrupts a child's ability to regulate emotions.
Discontinuous
believe that development takes place in unique stages: It occurs at specific times or ages, sudden
Kohlberg
believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages.
Sigmund Freud & development
believed that personality develops during early childhood & childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults.
self-concept at 6 years
can identify themselves in a group of membership; recognize their own personality traits
Do children have conservation in the preoperational stage of the theory of development?
cannot perform mental operations because they have not developed an understanding of conservation, which is the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added.
Freud's theory of development
children's pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
Piaget thought development unfolds in a series of stages approximately associated with age ranges. He proposed a theory of
cognitive development that unfolds in four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
self-concept at 4 years
cooperate with others share when asked and separate with little angst due to positive sense of self
Noam Chomsky
criticized Skinner's theory and proposed that we are all born with an innate capacity to learn language. Chomsky called this mechanism a language acquisition device (LAD)
Things not kept into consideration in Strange situation procedure
culture and temperament
Postformal stage
decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts; are able to draw on past experiences to help them solve new problems.
Accommodation
describes when they change their schemata based on new information. This process continues as children interact with their environment
Generativity
during late 40s involves finding your life's work and contributing to the development of others, through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children.
Children in the preoperational stage display
egocentrism, which means that the child is not able to take the perspective of others.
Psychosocial development theory
emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature · personality development takes place all through the lifespan · how we interact with others affects our sense of self · at each stage there is a conflict you must solve, if you don't you are a failure and feel inadequate
Gender difference in Kohlberg's study
felt that more males than females move past stage four in their moral development. · women seem to be deficient in their moral reasoning abilities.
fetal week 16
fingers n toes
Fine motor skills
focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions
Gross motor skills
focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions
Psychosocial development occurs as children
form relationships, interact with others, and understand and manage their feelings.
In social and emotional development, ___ is very important and is the major social milestone of infancy.
forming healthy attachments
fetal 6 months
hearing develops
Authoritarian
high value on conformity and obedience; strict, tightly monitor their children express little warmth --> anxious, withdrawn and unhappy kids. -The Asian kids did better in school with these parents
Psychosocial development involves
involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.
Physical development
involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
Attachment
is a long-standing connection or bond with others.
rooting reflex
is the newborn's response to anything that touches her cheek: When you stroke a baby's cheek, she naturally turns her head in that direction and begins to suck
assimilation
is when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know
Starting before birth, babies begin to develop
language and communication skills.
Cognitive development involves
learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
Adrenarche
maturing of adrenal gland
prenatal care
medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus can reduce the risk of complications to the mother and fetus during pregnancy
Secure attachment;
most common & healthiest where toddler prefers his parent over a stranger; distressed when parents left the room; parents are sensitive and respond to their needs
At birth, babies apparently recognize their
mother's voice and can discriminate between the language(s) spoken by their mothers and foreign languages, and they show preferences for faces that are moving in synchrony with audible language
All healthy babies are born with
newborn reflexes: inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation. Reflexes help the newborn survive until it is capable of more complex behaviors -rooting -grasping -moro
Example of discontinuous development
object permanence
is the stages of development between 5-8 months the child develops
object permanence, which is the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists... also begin to exhibit stranger anxiety, which is a fear of unfamiliar people; can't predict what her experience with that stranger will be like, which results in a fear response.
girl's physical development
once girls reach 8-9 years; their growth rate outpaces that of boys due to a pubertal growth spurt which continues until around 12, coinciding with the menstrual cycle
embryonic
once the embryo develops blood vessels grow, forming the placenta which is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord
Authoritative
parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection and listens to the child's point of view. o Parents set rules and explain why; make exceptions when they see fit; o Most encouraged in modern American society --> high self-esteem and social skills
Uninvolved
parents are indifferent, uninvolved and sometimes referred to as neglectful. Don't respond to the child's needs and make few demands; depressed junkies or always working
Who contributes to self-concept & socioemotional growth?
parents, shown by Baumrind's 4 parenting styles; vary based on culture
development is studied across three types:
physical cognitive psychosocial
Primary psychosocial milestone of childhood;
positive development of self-concept, usually occurs at 18mos, shown by the RED DOT experiment
placenta
provides nourishment and oxygen to the fetus
fetal week 9-12
sex organs differentiate
Avoidant attachment
the child is unresponsive to the parent, does not use the parent as a base and does not care if the parent leaves. Parent = stranger; caregiver who was insensitive and inattentive to their needs
Permissive
the kids run the show and anything goes; few demands, few punishment; friend rather than parent. Kids lack self-discipline, low grades but have a higher self-esteem and better social skills. Low levels of depression
Physical development sequence
the sequence is predictable however the onset varies;
After presenting people with this and various other moral dilemmas, Kohlberg reviewed people's responses and placed
them in different stages of moral reasoning
Piaget's thoughts of cognitive development
thought that children's ability to understand objects—such as learning that a rattle makes a noise when shaken—was a cognitive skill that develops slowly as a child matures and interacts with the environment
Erik Erikson
took Freud's theory and modified it as psychosocial theory
Continuous development
views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills, gradual
Attachment theory
was developed on the basis that feelings of comfort and security are the critical components to maternal-infant bonding
Moro reflex
when she feels like she is falling the baby will spread her arms and pull them back in then cry
Germinal (weeks 1-2) --> embryonic
when the mass of cells attaches to the lining of the uterus then upon implantation the multi-cellular organism is called an embryo
