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People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

intimacy vs. isolation

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.

introvert

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

intrusion

Creative Intelligence

inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. Finding a solution to an unexpected problem.

Functional fixedness

is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for.

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. A. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories B. other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory C. people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up D. research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

The concept conservation refers to ________.

knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

The concept conservation refers to ________. a. understanding that objects can be changed and then returned to their original form b. knowing that symbols represent words, images, and ideas c. knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added d. thinking logically about real (concrete) events

knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

What is semantic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

knowledge about words, concepts, and language- based knowledge and facts

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

language

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another? A. concept B. language C. prototype D. schemata

language

According to Freud, during which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

latency

hindsight bias

leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did.

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________. A. brain damage B. intellectual disability C. learning disability D. post-traumatic stress

learning disability

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ______________________ .

learning disability

The following sentence misuses the word accept: "I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing." Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept? A. concept B. grammar C. lexicon D. prototype

lexicon

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language? A. grammar B. lexicon C. morpheme D. phonem

lexicon

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. linguistic B. logical-mathematical C. musical D. spatial

linguistic

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. bodily kinesthetic B. interpersonal C. logical-mathematical D. spatial

logical-mathematical

attachment

long-standing connection or bond with others

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. A. encoded B. long-term C. sensory D. visual

long-term

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________.

low self-efficacy

Which brain imaging technique did researchers use to examine the brains of 7-month-old children?

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________. A. ability to communicate B. ability to speak C. lexicon D. mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

adrenarche

maturing of the adrenal glands

gonadarche

maturing of the sex glands

prenatal care

medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. A. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color B. happy memories are processed better than sad memories C. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information D. short-term memory itself has different forms

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? A. automatic processing B. effortful processing C. memory D. sensory encoding

memory

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. A. another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage B. memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running C. rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward D. rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working. A. anchoring bias B. functional fixedness C. mental set D. trial and error

mental set

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

Schemas are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Schemata are a(an) ______________________ .

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Schemata are a(an) ________. A. example of the brain's ability to form prototypes B. means of sublimating frustration C. method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently D. source of emotional content for the brain

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently.

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily? A. mild B. moderate C. profound D. severe

mild

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. A. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. levels of processing theory D. misinformation effect paradigm

misinformation effect paradigm

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability? A. mild B. modest C. profound D. severe

modest

What is groupthink?

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ____

person's knowledge about the squence of events in a specific setting

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. A. audio B. morpheme C. phoneme D. syntax

phoneme

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

physical

secondary sexual characteristics

physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs

Engram refers to the ________. A. emotional focus of a memory B. mental trauma that creates a memory C. physical trace of a memory D. sensory component of a memory

physical trace of a memory

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

postformal

In what type of thinking are decisions made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts?

postformal thinking

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

practical

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________. A. algorithm B. availability heuristic C. functional fixedness D. hindsight bias

B. availability heuristic

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________. A. direct experience versus indirect experience B. empirical knowledge versus personal opinion C. one piece of information versus all of the information D. personal opinion versus empirical knowledge

one piece of information versus all of the information

Not all aspects of cognition are ________. Answers: consciously experienced essential features of adult consciousness essential features of human consciousness exceptionally complex

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language. Answers: grammar lexicon syntax thesaurus

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? A Functional fixedness B Hindsight bias C Representative bias D Anchoring bias

A Functional fixedness

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve? A Representative sample B Norming C Standard deviations D Flynn effect

A Representative sample

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? A Semantics B Language C Syntax D Interpretation

A Semantics

Navigating to work through an unfamiliar route because of a highway accident draws upon a person's ________ intelligence. A fluid B crystallized C naturalist D analytical

A fluid

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? Answers: interpretation language semantics syntax

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see." A 0 to 5 B 6 to 11 C 18 to 24 D 12 to 17

C 18 to 24

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. A. artificial B. event C. role D. script

C. role

practical

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. A access personal feelings to reach goals B perceive relationships between objects C provide correct answers to a problem D evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

D evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

D. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. A. analytic B. common sense C. crystallized D. fluid

D. fluid

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. A. analytic B. common sense C. crystallized D. fluid

D. fluid encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems refers to innate, inherited reasoning abilities, memory, and speed of information processing

D. mental set

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

Language

Which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Lawrence Kolhberg

Who belived that moral development, like cognitive development , follows a series of stages?

Lawrence kohlberg

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?" A. IQ tests are biased in favor of Caucasians. B. Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans. C. Level II intelligence is prevalent among African Americans, followed by Asians, then Caucasians. D. There is no racial or ethnic component to intelligence.

Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans.

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Rorschach

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

Schema

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices

Which of the following examples illustrates understanding conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________. A. one standard deviation above the mean B. one standard deviation below the mean C. two standard deviations above the mean D. 15 points above the average

one standard deviation above the mean

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

operational

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

oral

primary sexual characteristics

organs specifically needed for reproduction

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.

others have false beliefs

secure base

parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings

uninvolved parenting style

parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don't respond to the child's needs and make relatively few demands

authoritative parenting style

parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child's point of view

permissive parenting style

parents make few demands and rarely use punishment

authoritarian parenting style

parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

partial

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept? A. categories of psychology B. dog breeds C. patriotism D. types of cars

patriotism

what you put in your mouth

penis

adolescence

period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

acoustic

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

acoustic

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.

actor-observer bias

assimilation

adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known

accommodation

adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known

Critics of intelligence testing often fail to consider that:

alternatives to intelligence testing are more prone to problems with fairness and validity.

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

amygdala

A specific formula for solving a problem is called________ .

an algorithm

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

an archetype

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.

an external locus of control

What is the just-world hypothesis?

an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.

anal

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

analytical

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. A. academic B. analytical C. creative D. practical

analytical

When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most?

analytical

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

availability heuristic

availability heurstic

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. a) academic b) analytical c) creative d) practical

b) analytical

____intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. a) analytic b) creative c) crystallized d) practical

b) creative

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over. A. babbling B. baby talk C. lexicon D. phoneme

babbling

menarche

beginning of menstrual period; around 12-13 years old

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics B. dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip C. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES D. thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

Fluid intelligence is characterized by ________.

being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. A. bias B. blocking C. suggestibility D. transience

bias

teratogen

biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

biology and genetics

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A. bodily kinesthetic B. intrapersonal C. logical-mathematical D. spatial

bodily kinesthetic

The frontal lobes become fully developed ________.

by 25 years old

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have? a) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) b) comorbidity c) dysgraphia d) dyslexia

c) dysgraphia

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of __. a) brain damage b) intellectual disability c) learning disability d) post-traumatic stress

c) learning disability

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. a) bodily kinesthetic b) interpersonal c) logical-mathematical d) spatial

c) logical-mathematical

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means a) determining b) processing c) thinking d) understanding

c) thinking

In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.

case study

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. primary cortex

cerebellum

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias. A. anchoring B. confirmation C. hindsight D. representational

confirmation

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

Not all aspects of cognition are ________. A. consciously experienced B. essential features of adult consciousness C. essential features of human consciousness D. exceptionally complex

consciously experienced

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?

conservation

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. A. coding; recoding B. construction; reconstruction C. equipotentiality; amnesia D. information; misinformation

construction;reconstruction

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ________.

continuous development

Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?

conventional

J.J. knows that his friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers him, but he knows that if he tells the teacher everyone will think he is a snitch. He decides his friends' approval is more important, so he says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?

conventional morality

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

creative

Which of the following is not one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?

creative

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. A. analytic B. creative C. crystallized D. practical

creative

The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ________.

critical period

How does the continuous development approach view development as?

cumulative process

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

cumulative process

The continuous development approach views development as a ___________.

cumulative process

the continuous development approach views development as a _____

cumulative process

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they___. a) are exposed to a greater degree of diversity, which causes their brains to function differently, thus resulting in a type of intelligence that IQ tests do not measure b) are not encouraged to reach their potential c) don't care about IQ testing d) experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

d) experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

Which of the following is the order of stages in Kübler-Ross's five-stage model of grief?

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

schema (plural schemata or schemas)

describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?

developing a positive sense of self

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

development milestones

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

developmental milestones

Specific normative events are also called ________.

developmental milestones

What are crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty all examples of?

developmental milestones

What is another name for specific normative events?

developmental milestones

Theorist who view development as ___ believe that develpment takes place in unique stages

discontinuous

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

discontinuous

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. a. discontinuous b. regressive c. progressive d. continuous

discontinuous

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

discontiuous

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized

_____ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors.

dispositionism

Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

distortion

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________. A. believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g B. developed Multiple Intelligences Theory C. developed triarchic theory of intelligence D. divided intelligence into two components

divided intellifence into two componets

psychosocial development (2)

domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships

physical development

domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

cognitive development

domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops _______.

during early childhood

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.

during early childhood

Sigmund Freud belived that personality develops____

during early childhood

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have? A. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) B. comorbidity C. dysgraphia D. dyslexia

dysgraphia

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

dyslexia

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? A. dysfunction B. dysgraphia C. dyslexia D. dysthymia

dyslexia

According to Sigmund Freud, when does he believe personality develops?

early childhood

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. A. emotion; memory B. feeling; remembering C. recall; retention D. recollection; sentiment

emotion;memory

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include_____.

emotions and attitudes, the self and social cognition

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A. effortful processing B. effortless processing C. encoding failure D. enigmatic processing

encoding failure

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs nurture debate?

envirment and culture

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? a. sexual preference b. environment and culture c. biology d. genetics

environment and culture

nurture

environment and culture

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environmental and culture

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task? A. chunking effect B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. levels of processing hypothesis D. Stroop effect

equipotentiality hypothesis

A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script. A. artificial B. event C. mental D. role

event

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________. A. are exposed to a greater degree of diversity, which causes their brains to function differently, thus resulting in a type of intelligence that IQ tests do not measure B. are not encouraged to reach their potential C. don't care about IQ testing D. experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________. A. experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally B. less often experienced in preindustrial countries C. more often experienced in English-speaking countries D. more often experienced in industrial countries

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________

experiences

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________.

experiences

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________. A. behaviors B. experiences C. personality D. socialization

experiences

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ______________________ .

experiences

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? A. explicit memories B. implicit memories C. sensory memories D. short-term memories

explicit memories

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________. A. explicit memory B. implicit memory C. procedural memory D. sensory memory

explicit memory

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.

extrovert

formal operational stage

final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________.

fine motor skills

spermarche

first male ejaculation

sensorimotor stage

first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

five factor model

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. A. flashbulb memory B. flashpoint C. hyperthymesia D. sensory memory

flashbulb

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence

fluid

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. A. analytic B. common sense C. crystallized D. fluid

fluid

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

What is confirmation bias? A. believing the event you just experienced was predictable B. focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs C. focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision D. stereotyping someone or something unintentionally

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

forgetting

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operational

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. a. sensorimotor b. formal operational c. pre-operational d. concrete operational

formal operational

In what stage can children use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions?

formal operational stage

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent?

forming an identity

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?

four

A(n) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

functional fixedness

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? A. anchoring bias B. functional fixedness C. hindsight bias D. representative bias

functional fixedness

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. isolation vs. intimacy b. trust vs. mistrust c. identity vs. confusion d. generativity vs. stagnation

identity vs. confusion

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. A. explicit B. implicit C. semantic D. sensory

implicit

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

newborn reflexes

inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience. A. direct B. indirect C. practical D. theoretical

indirect

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

industry vs. iferiority

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

industry vs. inferiority

What is episodic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we have personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

information about events we have personally experienced

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs. guilt

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs. guilt

temperament

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing. A. infiltrate B. innovate C. integrate D. intensify

integrate

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ______________________ , organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

integrate

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity v despair

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as ________. A one standard deviation above the mean B one standard deviation below the mean C 15 points above the average D two standard deviations above the mean

A one standard deviation above the mean

A(n) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts. A schema B prototype C idea D paradigm

A schema

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. A thinking B understanding C determining D processing

A thinking

The concept conservation refers to ________.

A knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. A. academic B. analytical C. creative D. practical

B. analytical

After age 65, most people are attempting to asses their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. A. academic B. analytical C. creative D. practical

B. analytical "School smarts" the ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast.

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. initiative vs. guilt b. generativity vs. stagnation c. integrity vs. despair d. identity vs. guilt

integrity vs. despair

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A. interpersonal B. intrapersonal C. linguistic D. naturalist

interpersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. A. interpersonal; intrapersonal B. intrapersonal; naturalist C. logical-mathematical; interpersonal D. musical; linguistic

interpersonal; intrapersonal

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

intimacy vs. isolation

practical

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

Noah decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

preoperational

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.

preoperational

egocentrism

preoperational child's difficulty in taking the perspective of others

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

preoperational stage

reversibility

principle that objects can be changed, but then returned back to their original form or condition

mitosis

process of cell division

psychosocial development (1)

process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood

psychosexual development

process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life

stage of moral reasoning

process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children? A. perceptual reasoning B. processing memory C. verbal comprehension D. working memory

processing memory

Question 3 From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

processing????

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

projective test

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept. A. amalgamation B. archetype C. prototype D. unification

prototype

Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is not one of these domains?

psychological

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

psychosocial

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. A. encoding B. recognition C. storage D. the Stroop effect

recognition

Crystallized Intelligence

refers to the store of knowledge and skills gained through experience and education

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

regression

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. A. declarative memory B. hyperthymesia C. rehearsal D. relearning

rehearsal

preoperational stage

second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically

The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?

secure

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

self-actualization

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model B. self-reference effect C. sensory memory D. Stroop effect

self-reference effect

Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.

self-serving bias

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? A. acoustic encoding B. effortful encoding C. semantic encoding D. visual encoding

semantic

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

semantic

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory? A. implicit and explicit B. procedural and implicit C. semantic and episodic D. short-term and long-term

semantic and episodic

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? A. acoustic encoding B. effortful encoding C. semantic encoding D. visual encoding

semantic encoding

The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ________.

semantics

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? A. interpretation B. language C. semantics D. syntax

sematics

Ego identity is our ______.

sense of self

Ego identity is our ________.

sense of self

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

sensorimotor

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. a. preoperational b. concrete operational c. sensorimotor d. formal operational

sensorimotor

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? A. effortful B. procedural C. recall D. sensory

sensory

hospice

service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel? A. mild B. moderate C. profound D. severe

severe

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. A. animals process memories the same way as people B. short-term memory itself has different forms C. people process happy memories better than sad memories D. people will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color

short-term memory itself has different forms

What is the main point of the Stanford experiment?

social roles are powerful determines of human behavior

socioemotional selectivity theory

social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years

What is a social role?

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. bodily kinesthetic B. logical-mathematical C. naturalist D. spatial

spatial

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states? A. memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size B. sing the names of the 50 states to the tune of "Happy Birthday" C. stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study D. think of something you might do in each state if you were on a vacation in that state

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

Nicholas takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?

stranger anxiety

a. fine motor skills development

stranger anxiety

placenta

structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby

zygote

structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta

normative approach

study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones

passtime activity

sucking dick

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent in their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as safe. What is the primary development task of this stage?

trust vs mistrust

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

What is procedural memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.

universal

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________. a. related to language acquisition b. universal c. dramatic d. culturally specific

universal

gross motor skills

use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs for large body movements

fine motor skills

use of muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Karen Horney

Practical Intelligence

"street smarts" - Being practical, finding solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences.

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

The following is a common criticism of intelligence testing

1-Unfairly stratifying test-takers by race 2-Unfairly stratifying test-takers by gender 3-Unfairly stratifying test-takers by culture

The mean score for a person with an average IQ is________.

100

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments? A. 1-30 days old B. 6-8 months old C. 9-11 months old D. 12 months old

12 months old

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see." A. 0 to 5 B. 6 to 11 C. 12 to 17 D. 18 to 24

18 to 24

At approximately what age to children start to form concepts and expectations about the world including racial differences?

3 years

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________. A. automatic B. concepts C. diverse D. stereotypes

A. automatic

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________. A. automatic B. concepts C. diverse D. stereotypes

A. automatic also known as a cognitive script, is a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A. bodily-kinesthetic B. intrapersonal C. logical-mathematical D. spatial

A. bodily kinesthetic

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A. bodily-kinesthetic B. intrapersonal C. logical-mathematical D. spatial

A. bodily kinesthetic High ability to control the movements of the body and use the body to perform various physical tasks

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. A. emotion; memory B. feeling; remembering C. recall; retention D. recollection; sentiment

A. emotion; memory

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language. A. grammar B. lexicon C. syntax D. thesaurus

A. grammar

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language. A. grammar B. lexicon C. syntax D. thesaurus

A. grammar refers to the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon

A. interpersonal; intrapersonal

A. interpersonal; intrapersonal Interpersonal intelligence= Ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others Intrapersonal intelligence= Ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals

A. mild

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?

Abstract logic Moral reasoning

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. What does this exemplify?

Accommodation

18 month old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies_________.

Accomodation.

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

Attachment

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

As toddlers begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary development task of this stage?

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Who developed social-cognitive theory of personality?

Albert Bandura

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false? A. Algorithms are a problem-solving strategy. B. Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives. C. Algorithms involve a step-by-step problem-solving formula. D. Working backwards is an example of an algorith

Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives.

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common? A. All of the concepts are examples of functional fixedness. B. All of the concepts are examples of mental set. C. All of the concepts are examples of problem-solving strategies. D. None of the concepts occur in preindustrial societies.

All of the concepts are examples of mental set.

_________ is figure that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

An archetype

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.

One-year-old Albert learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Albert sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" What does this exemplify?

Assimilation

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________. A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model B. relearning effect C. self-reference effect D. Stroop effect

Atkinson-Shrffrin model

Availability heuristic

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. Answers: letter morpheme phoneme phonic

A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script. Answers: artificial event mental role

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________. Answers: behaviors experiences personality socialization

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. Answers: academic analytical creative practical

What should be changed to make the following sentence true "Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization." Answers: The name "Arthur Jensen" should be changed to the name "Howard Gardener." The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched. The word "conceptual" should be eliminated. The word "rote" should be changed to with the word "routine."

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? Answers: anchoring bias functional fixedness hindsight bias representative bias

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children? Answers: perceptual reasoning processing memory verbal comprehension working memory

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another? Answers: concept language prototype schemata

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false? A Algorithms involve a step-by-step problem-solving formula. B Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives. C Algorithms are a problem-solving strategy. D Working backward is an example of an algorithm.

B Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives.

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have? A Dyslexia B Dysgraphia C Comorbidity D Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

B Dysgraphia

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? A Dysgraphia B Dyslexia C Dysfunction D Dysthymia

B Dyslexia

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false? A He developed Multiple Intelligences Theory. B He proposed that people have practical, creative, and analytical intelligence. C He was a former student of Erik Erikson. D He asserted that individuals have at least eight intelligences.

B He proposed that people have practical, creative, and analytical intelligence.

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another? A Concept B Language C Schemata D Prototype

B Language

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it." A The word "acquired" should be changed to the word "practiced." B The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized." C The word "retrieve" should be changed to the word "practice." D The word "intelligence" should be changed to the word "intellect."

B The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized."

B mental set

A(n) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. A syntax B phoneme C audio D morpheme

B phoneme

B role

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A logical-mathematical B spatial C bodily kinesthetic D naturalist

B spatial

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

B. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

B. availability heuristic is a heuristic in which you make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is that readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision

B. confirmation

B. confirmation Focuses on information that confirms existing beliefs and ignoring those that contradict them unconsciously

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________. A. behaviors B. experiences C. personality D. socialization

B. experiences

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept. A. model B. natural C. prototype D. unnatural

B. natural

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________. A. known; unknown B. natural; artificial C. realizable; unrealizable D. unnatural; unidentified

B. natural; artificial

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________. A. known; unknown B. natural; artificial C. realizable; unrealizable D. unnatural; unidentified

B. natural; artificial Natrual= created "naturally" through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences. (ex: snow is a natural concept because you can construct an understanding of it through direct observations or experiences of snow) artificial= artificial concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that they always exhibit, such as what defines different basic shapes.

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working. Answers: anchoring bias functional fixedness mental set trial and error

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. Answers: linguistic logical-mathematical musical spatial

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? Answers: dysfunction dysgraphia dyslexia dysthymia

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. Answers: determining processing thinking understanding

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________. Answers: anchoring bias availability heuristic hindsight bias representational bias

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics? Answers: an appropriate heuristic comes to mind in the same moment one is faced with too much information the decision to be made is important the time to make the decision is limited

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false? Answers: He believed intelligence consisted of a general factor called g. He believed intelligence could be measured and compared between individuals. He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence. He focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de-emphasized what made each unique.

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?" A IQ tests measure Level 1 intelligence but fail to measure Level II intelligence. B IQ tests are biased in favor of Caucasians. C Caucasians have higher levels of Level II intelligence than African Americans. D Caucasians have higher levels of Level I intelligence than any other race.

C Caucasians have higher levels of Level II intelligence than African Americans.

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. A Beliefs B Emotions C Concepts D Values

C Concepts

Which of the following summarizes the observations of the Flynn effect? A Standard intelligence tests are flawed when used to compare ethnic groups. B An individual's IQ is based on genetics and cannot be changed with environment. C Each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. D Each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation.

C Each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme. A you B Bob C I D thump

C I

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A Linguistic B Intrapersonal C Interpersonal D Naturalist

C Interpersonal

Which of the following defines schemata? A Tools to help the brain sublimate frustration and anger B Specific set of characteristics that illustrate artificial concepts C Method of organizing information that improves brain efficiency D Source of emotional content for the brain to process

C Method of organizing information that improves brain efficiency

Which of the following was a finding from the Minnesota study of twins reared apart? A Identical twins are more intelligent than fraternal twins. B Genetic makeup cannot be correlated to intelligence. C There is a genetic component to intelligence. D Intelligence is heavily affected by environment.

C There is a genetic component to intelligence.

C babbling

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________. A personality B behaviors C experiences D socialization

C experiences

Recognizing a dinosaur because you have seen pictures of dinosaurs in a book or watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience. A practical B theoretical C indirect D direct

C indirect

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. A intrapersonal; naturalist B musical; linguistic C interpersonal; intrapersonal D logical-mathematical; interpersonal

C interpersonal; intrapersonal

Anywhere between 30% and 70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________. A intellectual disability B post-traumatic stress C learning disability D brain damage

C learning disability

C. dysgraphia

C. dyslexia

C. integrate

C. lexicon

C. lexicon refers to the words of a given language. Thus, lexicon is a language's vocabulary

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept? A. categories of psychology B. dog breeds C. patriotism D. types of cars

C. patriotism

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________. A. availability heuristic B. confirmation bias C. representational bias D. stereotype bias

C. representational bias

C. representational bias describes a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something

The concept conservation refers to_______.

Knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment? a. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's emotional needs. b. Caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions. c. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's physical needs. d. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's food preferences.

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's food preferences.

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.

Case study

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?

Children begin to use language

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?

Children begin to use language.

One study of pre-school children in Canada asked children to rate specific attributes. What did the study reveal?

Children rated white faces as having more positive attributes than non-white faces.

Who created the very first modern hospice?

Cicely Saunders

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Cognitive

What does the concept conservation refer to?

Cognitive Theory of Development

What stage of development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity?

Cognitive development

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

Concepts

During what stage do children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations?

Concrete operational

Stephanie has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a mug. She then pours it from the mug back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?

Conservation

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?

Conservation Mathematical transformations

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts. Answers: idea paradigm prototype schema

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________. Answers: did not identify enough African American children in need of special education disadvantaged their children by placing them in special education classes resulted in less funding was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________. Answers: believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g developed Multiple Intelligences Theory developed triarchic theory of intelligence divided intelligence into two components

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments? A 1-30 days old B 6-8 months old C 9-11 months old D 12 months old

D 12 months old

Which type of intelligence involves inventing a solution to a problem? A Crystallized B Linguistic C Interpersonal D Creative

D Creative

Which of the following is a criticism of the research by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf on language? A It only applied to preindustrial societies. B It ignored semantic differences. C It relied too much on heuristics. D It was not empirical enough.

D It was not empirical enough.

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children? A Perceptual reasoning B Working memory C Verbal comprehension D Processing memory

D Processing memory

D. mental set mental set is where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now.

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve? A. Flynn effect B. norming C. population size D. sample size

D. sample size

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. bodily kinesthetic B. logical-mathematical C. naturalist D. spatial

D. spatial

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. bodily kinesthetic B. logical-mathematical C. naturalist D. spatial

D. spatial is the ability to comprehend three-dimensional images and shapes. This is a primary function of the right side of the brain and is used when solving puzzles, figuring out maps and taking part in any type of construction or engineering project.

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________. A. actions B. chemicals C. subconscious D. thoughts

D. thoughts

Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?

David Wechsler

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

Developmental Milestons

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

Discontinuous

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

Dysgraphia

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought? A. Charles Spearman and Howard Gardner B. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf C. Noam Chomsky and B. F. Skinner D. Raymond Cattell and Robert Sternberg

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.

Emotion; memory

Which of the following statements about encoding is incorrect? A. Encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex. B. Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. C. Encoding is an information processing system. D. Encoding is the set of processes used to decode, store, and retrieve information.

Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system.

who developed the psychosocial theory of develpoment

Erick Erikson

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? a. Lawrence Kohlberg b. Erik Erikson c. Jean Piaget d. Abraham Maslow

Erik Erikson

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? A. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. B. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. C. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. D. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? A. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. B. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. C. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. D. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

What is confirmation bias?

Focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which type of persuasion involves encoarging a person to agree to small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

Foot-in-the-door

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

Freudian slip

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

Functional fixedness

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ______

Fundamental attribution error

Heuristic

General problem-solving framework

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Generativity vs. stagnation

What does nature refer to in the nature vs nurture debate?

Genes and biology

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

Gross

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ___________motor skills.

Gross

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false? A. He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate. B. He developed a theory in which each person possesses at least eight intelligences. C. He developed Multiple Intelligences Theory. D. He was a former student of Erik Erikson.

He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from avergae was inaccurate

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false? A. He believed intelligence consisted of a general factor called g. B. He believed intelligence could be measured and compared between individuals. C. He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence. D. He focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de-emphasized what made each unique.

He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence.

What is our ego identity?

How we interact with each other is what affects our sense of self

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme. A. Bob B. I C. thump D. you

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Identity vs. confusion

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? A. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. B. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. C. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. D. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? A. John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. B. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. C. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. D. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party.

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Which of the following statements about parenting styles are true?

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

During the elementary school stage (ages 7-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Industry vs.inferiority

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Initiative vs. guilt

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Integrity vs.despair

People in early adulthood are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Intimacy vs isolation

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Intimacy vs. isolation

Cognition

Is thinking, and it encompasses the process associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory

Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language? A. It only applied to preindustrial societies. B. It was not empirical. C. It was overly empirical. D. It was sexist.

It was not empirical.

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? A. Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner. B. Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her. C. Jane Doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before. D. Jane Doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there.

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm? A. Jerome can perfectly describe and diagram a medical illustration of a dog, even though he has never seen it before. B. Jerome is asked to name all the body parts of a dog in alphabetical order. Instead, he names the parts of a dog beginning in the front and moving backward toward the tail. C. Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list. D. Jerome is told to memorize 15 words that describe what a dog does. He is then able to repeat them back in the order he memorized them.

Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.

Who proposed that people have a locus of control?

Julian rotter

The _____ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

Just-world

________are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.

Morphemes

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

Natural

A developmental psychologist might use_________to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

Naturalistic observation

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Permissive

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?

Philip Zimbardo

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

Phoneme

________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.

Phonemes

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Physical

__________development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Physical

Which of the following statements is true?

Poverty always affects whether individuals are ale to reach their full intellectual potential An individual's intelligence is determined solely by the intelligence levels of his siblings The environment in which an individual is raised is the strongest predictor of her future intelligence There are many factors working together to influence an individual's intelligence level. (correct)

During what stage do children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning?

Preoperational

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

Prototype

The goal of The Rainbow Project, led by Robert Sternberg, was to enhance prediction of college success in order to achieve what goal?

Provide for more equity among different ethnic groups for college admissions

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

Psychosocial

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? A. Charles Spearman B. Howard Gardner C. Raymond Cattell D. Robert Sternberg

Robert Sternberg

Which of the following illustrates conservation? a. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels. b. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries. c. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices. d. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower.

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

____________ is our level of confidence in our own abilities

Self-efficacy

During what Jean Piaget stage is the world experienced through senses and actions?

Sensorimotor

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

Should Louisa be worried?

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Sigmund Freud

who called the stages of develpment phychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Sternberg

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. B. Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. C. Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. D. Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing.

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in? A. engrams B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. Stroop effect D. visual encoding

Stroop Effect

________provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.

Syntax

A_______is any environmental agent—

Teratogen

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct? A. Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories. B. The amygdala is a processing area for explicit memories. C. The amygdala is involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory. D. The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

accomodation

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?

achievement gap

Which of the following statements best summarizes Shankar Vedantam's conclusions about the formation of judgments and biases.

The brain is wired to view members of the person's own race as better or more familiar than members of other races.

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect? A. The brain identifies color more readily than words. B. The brain processes black and white information faster. C. The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information. D. The memory process is facilitated when people take more time to consider information.

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What is the Flynn effect? A. Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically. B. The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups. C. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation. D. The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation.

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true "Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization." A. The name "Arthur Jensen" should be changed to the name "Howard Gardener." B. The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched. C. The word "conceptual" should be eliminated. D. The word "rote" should be changed to with the word "routine."

The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched.

How is lifespan development defined?

The study of how we grow and change from conception to death.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it." A. The word "acquired" should be changed to the word "practiced." B. The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized." C. The word "intelligence" should be changed to the word "intellect." D. The word "retrieve" should be changed to the word "practice."

The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A prototype is a category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences." A. The word "category" should be changed to the word "type." B. The word "linguistic" should be changed to the word "emotional." C. The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept." D. The words "objects" and "ideas" should be eliminated.

The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord. a. The word "uterus" should be changed to the word "fetus." b. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta." c. The word "embryo" should be changed to the word "germinal." d. The phrase "the umbilical cord" should be changed to the word "mitosis."

The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.

The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

Thinking

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Trust vs. mistrust

What do stage theories believe about the sequence of development?

Universal

According to the article (2003), despite some of the difficulties in translating the results of this test into practice, it remains the most widely used instrument for measuring intelligence in children.

WISC-III (now WISC-V)

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

What is Normal Development

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

What is normal development?

A_______begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

Zygote

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

`lexicon

A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called________ .

a heuristic

What is a learning disability?

a neurological disorder

In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________.

a representative sample

Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?

a triangle's area

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false? a) He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate. b) He developed a theory in which each person possesses at least eight intelligences. c) He developed Multiple Intelligences Theory. d) He was a former student of Erik Erikson.

a) He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate.

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? a) bodily kinesthetic b) intrapersonal c) logical-mathematical d) spatial

a) bodily kinesthetic

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ___ intelligence and ___ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. a) interpersonal; intrapersonal b) intrapersonal; naturalist c) logical-mathematical; interpersonal d) musical; linguistic

a) interpersonal; intrapersonal

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? a. object permanence b. egocentrism c. stranger anxiety d. reversibility

a. object permanence

motor skills

ability to move our body and manipulate objects

cognitive empathy

ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.

abused

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemas for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. A. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast B. produce new products or ideas and invent novel solutions to a problem C. provide correct or established answers to a problem D. think outside the box to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligenceis demonstrated by the ability to ______________________ .

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?

anchoring bias

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged? A. another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus B. areas near the hippocampus would decay, followed by a cascading failure of the brain leading to death C. people would become comatose D. people would lose their ability to feel fear

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde

anterograde

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

developmental milestone

approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory. A. arousal B. emotion C. equipotentiality D. flashbulb

arousal

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. arousal theory B. engram hypothesis C. equipotentiality hypothesis D. flashbulb theory

arousal theory

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

artificial

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes. A. absent B. artificial C. ideal D. simple

artificial

2nd thing you eat

ass

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

assimilation

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

assimilation

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known? a. egocentrism b. conservation c. reversibility d. assimilation

assimilation

Late maturing boys are ________.

at a higher risk of depression

Early maturing girls are ________.

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

_______ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

attachement

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

attachment

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others. a. security b. nourishment c. regard d. attachment

attachment

_____is a long-standing connection or bond with others

attachment

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

Event schemas are difficult to change because they are ________

automatic

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________. A. automatic B. concepts C. diverse D. stereotypes

automatic

Encoding information occurs through ________. A. automatic processing and effortful storing B. automatic storing and effortful retrieving C. processing and storing D. storing and retrieving

automatic processing and effortful storing

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.

one piece of information versus all of the information

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory. A. change the word "episodic" to the word "implicit" B. change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative" C. change the word "parts" to the word "components" D. change the word "semantic" to the word "short-term"

change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention. A. change the word "attention" to the word "focus" B. change the word "lapses" to the word "delays" C. change the word "memory" to the word "emotions" D. change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation. A. change the word "conscious" to the word "unconscious" B. change the word "long" to the word "short" C. change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal" D. change the word "repetition" to the word "recognition"

change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory. A. change the word "encoding" to the word "decoding" B. change the word "semantic" to the word "memory" C. change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic" D. change the word "visual" to the word "acoustic"

change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. A. change the word "memory" to the word "neurotransmitter" B. change the word "short-term" to the word "episodic" C. change the word "storage" to the word "engram" D. change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

avoidant attachment

characterized by child's unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves

secure attachment

characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore

disorganized attachment

characterized by the child's odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused

resistant attachment

characterized by the child's tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. A. chunking B. elaborative rehearsal C. mnemonic device D. persistence

chunking

what you eat

cock

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory

cognition

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. A. cognition B. personality C. schema D. targeting

cognition

______________________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

_____ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning and creativity.

cognitive

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. a. artistic b. psychosocial c. emotional d. cognitive

cognitive

_________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

collective unconscious

Jack, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

con't

schema (plural = schemata)

concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences

concepts

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. A. beliefs B. concepts C. emotions D. values

concepts

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

generativity vs. stagnation

What does nature refer to in nature vs. Nurture debate?

genes and biology

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? a. cognitive capacity b. environment and culture c. genes and biology d. language acquisition

genes and biology

nature

genes and biology

Where does high intelligence come from?

genetics and environment

Arthur Jensen believed that ________.

genetics was solely responsible for intelligence

What are the stages of prenatal development

germinal, embryonic, fetal

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional love

The fact that English dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language.

grammar

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language. A. grammar B. lexicon C. syntax D. thesaurus

grammar

The researchers found that a greater degree of language ability was evident for one-year old children who had which of the following?

greater concentrations of grey and white matter in the cerebellum and hippocampus

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

gross

____ is the strengthening of an orginal group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

group polarization

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

heritability

One of Vedantam's conclusions is that:

hidden associations in the unconscious mind can contribute to bias.

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

high self-efficiency

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. A. egocentric B. hindsight C. stereotypical D. transient

hindsight

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________. A. anchoring bias B. availability heuristic C. hindsight bias D. representational bias

hindsight bias

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

hippocampus

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory. A. how a cookie tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to use the phone C. what the word inconceivable means D. your least favorite vacation trip

how to use the phone

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________.

human thinking

As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.

humanism

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

object permanence

idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists

conservation

idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________. A. decided to only prosecute cases with DNA evidence B. modified the way witnesses are questioned C. required new officers to study psychology and learn about false memory syndrome D. spoken to victim advocacy groups to learn more about sensitivity

modified the way witnesses are questioned

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?

moral reasoning

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

moro reflex

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. A. letter B. morpheme C. phoneme D. phonic

morpheme

A ______________________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

______ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

motor

________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

motor

embryo

multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. A. linguistic B. logical-mathematical C. musical D. spatial

musical

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

natural

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept. A. model B. natural C. prototype D. unnatural

natural

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________

natural; artificial

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.

natural; artificial

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________. A. known; unknown B. natural; artificial C. realizable; unrealizable D. unnatural; unidentified

natural;artificial

A development psychologist might use ___ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

emerging adulthood

newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object performance

Julie is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Julie wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Julie is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________.

object permanence

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. A. effortless processing B. encoding C. an engram D. relearning

relearning

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

representational bias

Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?

representative bias

It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?

resistant

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. A. encoding B. hyperthymesia D. retrieval C. storage

retrieval

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. A. active B. inactive C. proactive D. retroactive

retroactive

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde

retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. A. antero-retro; flashbulb B. anterograde; retrograde C. flashbulb; retro-antero D. retrograde; anterograde

retrograde;anterograde

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________. A. demonstrated that female twins are more intelligent than male twins B. revealed a genetic component to intelligence C. suggested that intelligence is affected by early adoption D. suggested there is no genetic component to intelligence

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?

reversibility

role

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?

sample size

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve? A. Flynn effect B. norming C. population size D. sample size

sample size

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

schema

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schema

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts. A. idea B. paradigm C. prototype D. schema

schema

A(an) ______________________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schema

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. a. categories b. schemata c. cognitions d. facsimiles

schemata

__________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________.

script

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. A. sexism B. suggestibility C. recognition D. reconstruction

suggestibility

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? A. anterograde amnesia B. misinformation effect paradigm C. reconstruction D. suggestibility

suggestibility

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

surveys

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.

teratogen

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage. a. contaminant b. mutagen c. teratogen d. zygote

teratogen

A _________ is any environmental agent-- biological, chemical, or physical-- that causes damage.

teratogen

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.

teratogens

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics? A. an appropriate heuristic comes to mind in the same moment B. one is faced with too much information C. the decision to be made is important D. the time to make the decision is limited

the decision to be made is important

Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?

the star player

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. A. determining B. processing C. thinking D. understanding

thinking

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding? A. being able to remember the words to a song even when you can't remember the tune B. dreaming about your mother and deciding to call her C. remembering the colors of the rainbow by thinking about a bag of Skittles D. thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. A. immediately applying new information to a practical problem B. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks C. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it D. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

concrete operational stage

third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________. A. actions B. chemicals C. subconscious D. thoughts

thoughts

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ______________________ .

thoughts

critical (sensitive) period

time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

trait

Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory. A. blocking B. misattribution C. persistence D. transience

transience

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust v. mistrust

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? A. dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier B. drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied C. using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam D. using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

continuous development

view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills

discontinuous development

view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

visual

________ encoding is the encoding of images. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

visual

During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________.

vocabulary spurt

was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________. A. did not identify enough African American children in need of special education B. disadvantaged their children by placing them in special education classes C. resulted in less funding D. was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

what is normal development

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory. A. how a fruit tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to play the piano C. what the word chocolate means D. your most recent visit to the dentist

what the word chocolate means

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

conception

when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

younger average age for marriage

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. A. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to use the microwave C. what the word January means D. your first day of school

your first day of school

A(an) _______ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

What begins as a single-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge at conception?

zygote

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

zygote, embryo, fetus

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