Chapter 9: Motivation

According to one study, parental warmth is associated with greater feelings of guilt in children. This finding suggests which of the following? a. Guilt arises in healthy and happy relationships. b. Warm parenting is not effective parenting. c. Guilt can be a tool for manipulation. d. Guilt is a genetic trait.

A

Bonnie is protective of her friend Jamie, especially after Jamie's surgery to remove part of her brain to prevent seizures. Bonnie has noticed that Jamie seems too willing to trust strangers, and she also seems undisturbed by sudden noises that signal danger. Which part of Jamie's brain was probably removed? a. amygdala b. visual cortex c. prefrontal cortex d. thalamus

A

It is a Thursday night and Clarice has to make a difficult decision: will she go with her friends to a concert in the city, or will she stay in the dorm and study for tomorrow's chemistry quiz? If she chooses to study, she is showing which ability? a. delay of gratification b. self-efficacy c. intrinsic motivation d. drive reduction

A

Jess has quit smoking, and she's trying very hard not to even think about cigarettes or how much she wants one. However, she feels like this plan has backfired as she thinks about cigarettes every waking moment. What phenomenon has Jess encountered? a. rebound effect b. excitation transfer c. reappraisal d. rumination

A

Ricky accidentally backed into another car in a parking lot, leaving a small dent in the door. Because he did not have the money to pay for the damage, he quickly drove away before anyone saw him. Later Ricky felt anxiety, tension, and agitation over the incident. Psychologists refer to this emotion as a. guilt. b. surprise. c. shame. d. embarrassment.

A

When he first meets the people at his new job, Jared tries hard to impress them with his experience and achievement. The fact that he attempts to build and maintain others' positive impressions of him demonstrates that he is motivated by a. egosystem goals. b. ecosystem goals. c. self-determination theory. d. self-perception theory.

A

Which story most strongly suggests that emotions have a biological basis? a. Nolan grins widely and pumps his fist in the air after winning a chess tournament, even though he is blind and has never seen what a winner's body language looks like. b. As soon as the wine glass slipped from his hand, Mike felt guilty about the stain he was about to make on Becca's couch. c. Even at her father's funeral, Karen can't help laughing at a funny story about her dad wearing a gorilla suit to work. d. Little Lily cries every time she skins her knee or bumps her head, but her twin brother Ty is stoic, even when his mom pours peroxide on his cuts and scrapes.

A

Abraham has been working hard to reach his full potential, both in his relationship with his family and at work. He wants to become all that he is capable of. According to Maslow's hierarchy, Abraham is working to satisfy a need for a. belonging and love. b. self-actualization. c. esteem. d. self-efficacy.

B

Aditya is talking with a woman he wants to ask on a date. He wants to make sure that she likes him before he asks, so he watches the way that she smiles. Aditya figures that if she displays a genuine smile, not a fake one, it is more likely that she feels positively towards him and will agree to go out with him. Aditya is happy when he finally sees a genuine smile, where a. the corners of her mouth moved up. b. there were small crinkles at the corners of her eyes. c. she showed her teeth. d. the muscles on her face made her cheeks move up.

B

After Dustin broke up with him, Jordan sat around his apartment for weeks, doing nothing but thinking of Dustin and feeling sad. He would have been better off if, instead of ruminating on undesired thoughts or feelings, he had tried this strategy. a. thought suppression b. distraction c. drinking d. humor

B

At her husband's funeral, Elaine noticed that her son did not talk much to the other mourners and did not show any outward signs of grief. Elaine knows that visible grief isn't always a sign that grief is more intense. She knows her son misses his father. Overall, the funeral demonstrated that some aspects of how people demonstrate emotions are dictated by society and have been learned from childhood. In this case, Elaine has been observing which of these? a. thought suppression b. display rules c. rumination d. facial expressions

B

Carlos is in a particularly bad mood because his sister failed to repay a loan he gave her and she refuses to talk to him about it. Carlos then decides to watch some football on TV because his favorite football team is playing. Given Carlos' emotions, which of the following is he likely to think about as he watches the game? a. "I bet we win today. That would really cheer me up." b. "I'm sure my team is going to lose today." c. "This is going to be a great game. I'm looking forward to watching it." d. "Maybe I shouldn't even watch this game."

B

Joy and Shawn have a good marriage, but they disagree about food. They buy two different loaves of bread each week, one white and one wheat, so that they each have the bread they like best. Which of these choices is the most likely cause of their different preferences? a. Shawn and Joy's bodies produce different amounts of leptin and ghrelin, which influence specific cravings. b. Shawn and Joy ate different types of bread as children, and they still each prefer to eat the bread most familiar to them. c. Shawn and Joy have different levels of glucose in their bloodstream, which can influence what type of bread they crave. d. All the answer options are correct.

B

Melia's company has offered her the chance to move from Philadelphia to North Carolina. She does not really want to relocate, but the company has offered her a promotion, moving expenses, and a big pay raise if she agrees. These external rewards that are designed to motivate Melia to relocate are best described as a. drives. b. incentives. c. ways to increase self-efficacy. d. ways to increase grit.

B

Nikki is in middle school and she loves to read and write short stories, which means that she usually gets very good grades in her English class. Nikki's parents start to pay her $5 for every book that she reads and $10 for every A that she gets on the stories that she writes for English class. According to self-determination theory, the impact of this reward system is likely to be a. that Nikki will believe that she does this work because she loves to read and write. b. a decrease in Nikki's intrinsic motivation to read books and write stories. c. that Nikki will believe that she does this work in order to get the rewards. d. an increase in Nikki's intrinsic motivation to read books and write stories.

B

Which of the following is an example of a primary emotion? a. guilt b. fear c. shame d. embarrassment

B

Which of the following is an example of a secondary emotion? a. anger b. guilt c. fear d. disgust

B

After many years of working, Seton has decided to go back to college, and he feels nervous about taking his first exam. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, why is Seton's nervousness a good thing? a. Wanting to stop the nervousness is a type of incentive that will drive Seton to study harder. b. Nervousness is correlated with intelligence, so the more nervous Seton feels, the better he will perform on the exam. c. A moderate level of anxiety is associated with optimal performance on exams. d. Nervousness is a sign of extrinsic motivation, which signals that Seton is on a path to success.

C

Domenica hates that she blushes at the slightest sign of embarrassment. However, blushing may serve which of the following purposes? a. making the blusher look more like a child and thus easier to forgive b. making embarrassment feel even worse, which reaffirms wrongdoing c. offering a type of biological, nonverbal apology d. bringing blood flow to the head, which increases arousal and helps the blusher avoid future mistakes

C

Emilio practices with the wrestling team every day after school because he knows his father wants him to be a star athlete. He has no real interest in wrestling; in fact, he hates it. But he does it to try to win his father's approval. Emilio's motivation to continue wrestling appears to be best explained by a. self-perception theory. b. intrinsic motivation. c. extrinsic motivation. d. self-determination theory.

C

Wesley is walking to the kitchen in his house when he suddenly sees a mouse run across the floor. Wesley's brain first processes the information about the mouse. Then at the same time he feels the emotional response of fear and the physical response of increased heart rate. In this case, Wesley's experience is consistent with the __________ of emotion. a. drive reduction theory b. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory c. Cannon-Bard theory d. James-Lange theory

C

Whereas the hormone __________ is involved in fat regulation, __________ originates in the stomach and triggers hunger. a. estrogen; androgen b. ghrelin; leptin c. leptin; ghrelin d. androgen; estrogen

C

After years of false starts in disappointing career paths, Bruce feels happy. More than that, he feels that he is living up to his potential and doing what he is meant to do with his life. What state has Bruce reached? a. drive reduction b. optimal level of arousal c. satisfaction of needs d. self-actualization

D

Dana's professor has been in a good mood all month, ever since a shiny engagement ring appeared on her hand. Dana is hoping that this good mood influences how the professor grades her latest essay. According to the __________ theory, Dana may be in luck. a. sexual strategies b. two-factor c. Cannon-Bard d. affect-as-information

D

Dr. Ryan teaches a first year experience class to new college students. He tells them that in order to reach their long-term goal of getting their college degrees they need to "Just keep working towards your goal every day, even if you experience a set-back, and eventually you will get there." Dr. Ryan is telling students that they will be better able to earn their college degrees if they a. can delay self-gratification. b. set very challenging goals for their coursework. c. believe that they will get good grades. d. have grit.

D

Eriq has been diagnosed with diabetes, which means that his body does not release enough insulin to help manage the glucose levels in his blood. The part of the body responsible for producing insulin is the a. gall bladder. b. colon. c. liver. d. pancreas.

D

Nicola has been playing roller derby for several months now, but she hasn't seen many improvements in her skills lately. She is at the rink three nights a week, but she's starting to feel that there's no point to practicing so hard as it isn't paying off. Given what you know, which of these statements applies to Nicola? a. She has intrinsic motivation. b. She has extrinsic motivation. c. She has low self-actualization. d. She has low self-efficacy.

D

Nora met Greg at the scene of her recent bike accident. She remembers the way her heart fluttered and her palms became sweaty as he helped her pick up her bent bicycle and load it into the back of his truck. It could have been love at first sight, or maybe it was simply a. estradiol. b. the excitement phase. c. the amygdala. d. misattribution of arousal.

D

Vivianna knew that if she saved a little bit of money each week, she would be able to afford to go with her friends to Las Vegas over spring break. The trip to Vegas served as __________ to keep Vivianna motivated. a. arousal b. a pleasure principle c. a drive d. an incentive

D

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing the emotional importance of a stimulus, as well as generating immediate emotional and behavioral responses? a. hippocampus b. thalmus c. the corpus callosum d. amygdala

D