Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Which of the following are important aspects of thinking? Check all that apply: -Critical thinking -Thinking universally -Thinking creatively -Fuzzy trace thinking

-Critical thinking -Thinking creatively

A little more than half of the U.S. students with disabilities spend more than ______ of the school day in a general classroom.

80%

Children are put in the overweight category if their body mass index falls air or above the ______ percentile.

95th

______ is a technique in which individuals are encouraged to some up with creative ideas in a group, play off each other's ideas, and say practically whatever comes to mind.

Brainstorming

Researchers have found that executive functioning works ______ general IQ as a predictor of school readiness.

better than

______ is the ability to speak two languages.

bilingualism

ADHD tends to be diagnosed in ______ more than the other sex.

boys

Relative to gender differences in learning disabilities, ______ (boys/girls) are more likely than ______ (boys/girls) to be classified as having a learning disability.

boys; girls

The second leading cause of death in the United States for children ages 5 to 14 is ______.

cancer

Neo-Piagetians put greater emphasis than Piaget did on all of the following elements, EXCEPT _____

classification

During the ______ operational stage, children are able to classify objects and consider their interrelationships.

concrete

Piaget proposed that the ______ operational stage lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age.

concrete

______ thinking produces one correct answer and characters the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.

convergent

______ intelligence refers to the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine.

creative

Parents and teachers can provide environments that stimulate ______ by providing children with exercise and activities that stimulate children to find insightful solutions to problems.

creativity

When there is no evidence of organic brain damage, cases are labeled as ______ intellectual disability.

cultural-familial

Tests that are familiar to children from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds and test that have no verbal questions are examples of ______ tests

culture-fair

Head circumference and waist circumference ______ (increase/decrease) in relation to body height during middle and late childhood development.

decrease

A(n) ______ ______ includes difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language or doing mathematics.

learning disability

The most common type of childhood cancer is called ______, a cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many abnormal blood cells.

leukemia

______-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a sustained period of time.

long

Improvements in ______ reflect children's increased knowledge and their increased use of strategies.

memory

Changes that occur in terms of information processing during middle and late childhood include memory, thinking, and ______.

metacognition

______ awareness is defined as knowledge about language, such as knowing the definition of a preposition or being able to discuss language sounds.

metalinguistic

Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test because school officials wanted to determine a ______ who were unable to learn in school.

method of identifying children

Bilingualism has a ______ effect on children's cognitive development, according to the textbook.

positive

______ intelligence refers to the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice.

practical

Improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control in children are all linked to the increased pathways and circuitry in the ____ cortex

prefrontal

Which area of the brain shows an increase in brain pathways and circuitry during middle and late childhood?

prefrontal cortex

Approximately 80% of children with a learning disability have ______ problems.

reading

Interventions with children who have learning disabilities often focus on improving which of the following?

reading ability

The fact that boys are more likely to be sent by teachers for treatment because of trouble-making behavior is known as what type of bias?

referral bias

The least restrictive environment provision of IDEA has resulted in required efforts to educate disabled children in ______ education classrooms.

regular

A child understands that in order to arrange sticks from shortest to longest, each stick must be linger than the one that precedes it and shorter than the one that follows it. This means the child is using ______.

seriation

______-term memory increases during early and middle childhood until approximately the age of 7.

short

College instructors have found that ______% of high school graduates are not prepared for college level writing assignments.

50

Which of the following statements is NOT a suggested war to encourage children to exercise? -Encourage parents to exercise more and to have the family focus more on physical activity - Allow children more unsupervised free time because children today spend too much time in organized activities -Offer more physical activity programs run by volunteers at school facilities -Improve physical fitness activities in school

- Allow children more unsupervised free time because children today spend too

Which of the following explains why some intelligence experts have doubts about multiple intelligence approaches? - People who do well in one area of intelligence tend to do well in other areas, therefore the need for multiple intelligence is not necessary. -Multiple intelligence experts fo not believe in a general intelligence - We cannot measure multiple intelligences adequately -There is no proof of multiple intelligences because we cannot identify specific areas of the brain associated with the different intelligences

- People who do well in one area of intelligence tend to do well in other areas, therefore the need for multiple intelligence is not necessary.

Which of the following services are mandated by IDEA ( the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)? Check all that apply: -Appropriate education -Education in the least restrictive environment -Evaluation and eligibility determination -Specialized classrooms for children with disabilities -Funding for separate schools for children with disabilities

-Appropriate education -Education in the least restrictive environment -Evaluation and eligibility determination

Which of the following are ways in which teachers can expand Children's thinking and help them achieve Depp understanding? Check all that apply: -By asking students to analyze -By asking students to define -By asking students to think -By asking students to evaluate -By asking students to recite

-By asking students to analyze -By asking students to think -By asking students to evaluate

Which of the following statements regarding autistic disorder and Asperger syndrome are true? Check all that apply: -Children with Asperger syndrome frequently engage in obsessive repetitive routines and preoccupations with particular subjects -Asperger syndrome is mainly identified by difficulties in verbal language -Girls are more likely to be diagnosed with autistic disorder, and boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Asperger syndrome -Autistic disorder includes abnormalities in communication and stereotyped patterns of behavior -Asperger syndrome is on the mild range of the autism spectrum, whereas autistic disorder is on the severe range

-Children with Asperger syndrome frequently engage in obsessive repetitive routines and preoccupations with particular subjects -Autistic disorder includes abnormalities in communication and stereotyped patterns of behavior -Asperger syndrome is on the mild range of the autism spectrum, whereas autistic disorder is on the severe range

Which of the following types of intelligence DO NOT conform to the patterns favored in conventional schooling? Check all that apply: -Analytical intelligence -Creative intelligence -Practical intelligence

-Creative intelligence -Practical intelligence

Which of the following facts are common in overweight children? Check all that apply: -Lower likelihood of being teased by peers -Diabetes -Hypertension -Elevated blood cholesterol levels -Normal cholesterol levels -Low self-esteem

-Diabetes -Hypertension -Elevated blood cholesterol levels -Low self-esteem

Which of the following are casques of organic intellectual disabilities? Check all that apply: -Down syndrome -Fragile X syndrome -Cultural influences -Prenantal malformation

-Down syndrome -Fragile X syndrome -Prenantal malformation

Which of the following has NOT been identified as possible cause of ADHD? -Brain damage during prenatal development -Having two working parents -Low birth weight -Cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development

-Having two working parents

What are the causes of children becoming overweight in society today? Check all that apply: -Cardiovascular disease -Heredity -Environmental contexts -Athletic involvement

-Heredity -Environmental contexts

Which of the following are cautions one should consider when utilizing IQ scores? Check all that apply: -IQ score is not a measure of fixed potential -IQ scores are highly predictive of future success -Overall score is not indicative of intelligence in all domains -IQ is not a sole indicator of competence

-IQ score is not a measure of fixed potential -Overall score is not indicative of intelligence in all domains -IQ is not a sole indicator of competence

Which of the following is not one of the types of intelligence discussed in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? -Practical intelligence -Imaginative intelligence -Analytical intelligence -Creative intelligence

-Imaginative intelligence

Which of the following are possible causes of the rapidly increasing IQ test scores around the world? Check all that apply: -Increasing levels of education attained buy the world's population -The variability in teachers around the world - Amount of information to which people are exposed -Hereditary and genetic mutations

-Increasing levels of education attained buy the world's population - Amount of information to which people are exposed

What are some classroom techniques that appear to benefit children with autism? Check all that apply: -Individualized instruction -Small group work -Structure -Large group work

-Individualized instruction -Small group work -Structure

Which of the following concepts encompasses problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to experiences? -Metacognition -Intelligence -Concrete operations -Metamemory

-Intelligence

How can parents and teachers foster strong writing skills among children in middle and late childhood? Check all that apply: -Correct and and all grammatical errors -Limit scrutiny of spelling and formation of letters -Encourage careful planning of plot and character - Provide multiple writing opportunities

-Limit scrutiny of spelling and formation of letters - Provide multiple writing opportunities

recent research has shown that aerobic exercise can improve which of the following cognitive skills in children? Check all that apply: -Memory -Moral behavior -Creativity -Attention -Goal-directed behavior

-Memory -Creativity -Attention -Goal-directed behavior

Research found that children with a high body mass index and circumference are at risk for metabolic syndrome, a constellation of factors that include which of the following? Check all that apply: -Obesity -Leukemia -High blood pressure -Type 1 diabetes -Type 2 diabetes

-Obesity -High blood pressure -Type 2 diabetes

According to a recent review of the research on early interventions have been shown to be effective in increasing a child's IQ? Check all that apply: -Providing education to low-income parents on how to communicate with their children -Enrolling students in early intervention programs that end before elementary school rather than continue through elementary school -Attendance in high-quality center-based child care programs

-Providing education to low-income parents on how to communicate with their children -Attendance in high-quality center-based child care programs

Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of the whole-language approach? -Reading instruction is focused on teaching basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds -Children are given material in its complete form, such as stories and poems -Reading is connected with listening and writing skills -Reading in integrated with other skills and subjects, such as science and social studies

-Reading instruction is focused on teaching basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds

Why are children in the concrete operational stage able to perform conversation tasks? Check all that apply: -They consider several characteristics of an object at once -They can classify or divide things into different sets or subsets -They can focus on a single property of an object at a time -They are capable of seriation and transitivity.

-They consider several characteristics of an object at once -They can classify or divide things into different sets or subsets -They are capable of seriation and transitivity.

Why are children unable to think like scientists when it comes to designing experiments? Check all that apply: -They show little interest in seeking answers to problems -They are not particularly interested in casual relationships -They tend to bias experiments in favor of their own hypothesis -They have trouble distinguishing among alternative causes

-They tend to bias experiments in favor of their own hypothesis -They have trouble distinguishing among alternative causes

Which of the following IQ scores is associated with a diagnosis of intellectual disability on a traditional intelligence test? -Usually below 90 -Usually below 100 -Usually below 70 -Usually below 50

-Usually below 70

Identify which of the following are separate indexes included on the Wechsler Intelligence Scales.Check all that apply: -Verbal Comprehension -Emotional Intelligence -Processing Speed -Working Memory

-Verbal Comprehension -Processing Speed -Working Memory

Which of the following issues are controversies regarding bilingual education? Check all that apply: -Whether children in bilingual programs are learning English effectively -How long bilingual education should last -Whether teachers are appropriately qualified to teach bilingual classes -Whether teaching only in English will cause non-native speakers to fall behind in academic subjects

-Whether children in bilingual programs are learning English effectively -How long bilingual education should last -Whether teaching only in English will cause non-native speakers to fall behind in academic subjects

Which of the following are physical changes the occur during middle and late childhood? Check all that apply: -an increase in the size of skeletal and muscular systems -fast and inconsistent growth -slow and consistent growth -a decrease in the size of skeletal and muscular systems

-an increase in the size of skeletal and muscular systems -slow and consistent growth

The current consensus is that autism is a brain dysfunction characterized by abnormalities in which of the following? Check all that apply: -brain structure -brain weight -the connectivity between brain regions -neurotransmitters

-brain structure -the connectivity between brain regions -neurotransmittors

A method of intervention to help overweight children lose weight would include ______. Check all that apply: -increased television -exercise -behavior modification -diet

-exercise -behavior modification -diet

Symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder include which of the following? Check all that apply: -hyperactivity -focused attention -inattention -impulsivity

-hyperactivity -inattention -impulsivity

What are the two risk factors fro cardiovascular disease that many school-aged children possess?Check all that apply: -Type 2 diabetes -Hypertension -Diets low in iron -Heart murmurs -Obesity

-hypertension -obesity

Which of the following are some of Gardner's proposed types of intelligence? Check all that apply: -spatial -musical -mathematical -verbal -sensory -auditory -interpersonal

-spatial -musical -mathematical -verbal -interpersonal

The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short time frame has been called: -the Gardner effect -the Sternberg affect -the Flynn effect -the Stanford-Binet effect

-the Flynn effect (after James Flynn)

At what age can autism spectrum disorder often be detected?

1 to 3 years of age

Because of having access to fewer social, economic, and educational opportunities, African American school-children in the United States score ______ points lower on standardized intelligence tests on average than White American school-children.

10 to 15

A person's IQ is ______ if the person's mental age is identical to his or her chronological age.

100

Researchers have found that there are more than ______ genes that affect intelligence.

1000

Approximately ______ of children from 3 to 21 years of age in the United States receive special education or related services.

13%

Categorization becomes easier for children because their vocabulary increase from an average of about ______ words at age 6 to an average of about ______ by age 11.

14,000; 40,000

About _______ million Americans meet the definition of _intellectual disability".

5

The delay in peek thickness of the cerebral cortex in children with ______ was more prominent in areas of the brain involved in attention and planning.

ADHD

What is the name of the family of disorders that is characterized by problems in social interaction, problems in verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors?

Autism spectrum disorders

Why can children in middle and late childhood understanding the appropriate use of comparatives (shorter, deeper) and subjectives ("If you were president...")?

Because of improvements in logical reasoning and analytical skills

What measurement is used to determine whether a child is considered overweight?

Body mass index (BMI)

Mackenzie is an elementary student who has demonstrated the understanding the even thought the levels of liquid in two glasses appear to be different, they can still have the same about depending on the size of the glass. She can also line up items from smallest to biggest. Which stage of Piagets development is Mackenzie most likely in?

Concrete operational stage

______ is the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems.

Creativity

______ thinking is when a person thinks reflectively, productively, and evaluates evidence.

Critical

Which type of learning disability is specifically related to an impairment in the ability to read and spell?

Dyslexia

True or false: A person't mental age is always the same as chronological age.

False

Abigail is 10 years old and is learning to play tennis. Which of the following changes in development are related to her ability to learn the sport?

Greater coordination

Which is the greatest risk factor for being overweight at 9 years of age?

Having an overweight parent

What us the name of the written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for the student with a disability?

Individualized education plan (IEP)

IDEA is an acronym for ______.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Knowing about knowing or thinking about thought is called ______.

Metacognition

Which of the following terms encompass knowledge about one's own memory, such as a student's ability to monitor whether she has studied enough for a test that is coming up next week? -Elaboration -Recall -Metacognition -Metamemory

Metamemory

______ is knowledge about memory and includes general knowledge about memory, such as knowing that recognition tests are easier than recall tests.

Metamemory

During what period in development do children gain approximately five to seven pounds a year?

Middle and late childhood

Why is it difficult to create culture-fair tests?

Most test tend to reflect what the dominant culture deems important

Research on tasks in concrete operation are inconsistent with ______ views that all aspects of the cognitive state emerge at the same time.

Piaget's

Children make progress in understanding how to use language in a culturally appropriate way, which is known as __________.

Pragmatics

Public Law 94-142 is the education act that provided free and appropriate public education to which group of students?

Students with all disabilities

______ bilingualism occurs when immigrant children go from being monolingual in their home language to being bilingual in that language and in English, only to end up as monolingual speakers of English.

Subtractive

What happens when areas of the brain are used as children develop?

There is an increase in connections between neurons

______ intelligence refers to the ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.

analytic

Stimulant medication can be an effective way to help improve ______ in children with ADHD.

attention

Research has shown that utilizing a combination of medication and _______ can improve the way children with ADHD act, more than mediation alone.

behavior management

Intellectual ______ is inadequate intellectual functioning of an individual.

disability

for late language learners, such as adolescents and adults, new vocabulary is _______ to learn than new sounds or new grammar

easier

______ disorders consist of serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.

emotional and behavioral

True or False: Cardiovascular disease is common in childhood.

false

Girls usually perform better than boys at ______ motor skills tasks

fine

increased myelination of the central nervous system is reflected in the improvement of ______ motor skill development during middle and late childhood.

fine

Students who have above-average intelligence and/or a superior talent for something are called ______ students.

gifted

Neo-Paigetians believe that Piaget ______.

got some things right, but his theory needs considerable revision.

Boys usually outperform girls in ______ motor skill activities.

gross

The body mass index (BMI) is computed by a formula that takes into account ______ and ______.

height; weight

The more parents communicate with their children, the ___ the childrens IQ scores are

higher

A child who seems to constantly be in motion and shows high levels of physical activity is illustrating what characteristic of ADHD?

hyperactivity

Karen is an 8-year-old girl who is consistently getting in trouble in her classroom for blurting out answers without raising her hand. She interrupts others repeatedly. She frequently engages in unsafe behaviors and doesn't think before she acts. What characteristic of ADHD is Karen demonstrating?

impulsivity

The ______ of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder applies to children who get bored with a task after only a few minutes.

inattentive subtype

______ is when a child who receives special education services is taught full-time in the regular education classroom with supplemental help.

inclusion

Some experts attribute the increase in ADHD diagnoses to an increased awareness of the disorder, while others attribute the increase to ______ diagnoses.

incorrect

Areas of the brain that continue to be activated consistently show a(n) _____ in synaptic connections.

increase

The number of children diagnosed with ADHD has ______ in recent decades.

increased

______ are the leading cause of death during middle and late childhood.

injuries

A(n) ______ test aims to indicate whether a given student can reason better than other who have taken the same test.

intelligence

Alfred Binet developed the first ______ test.

intelligence

______ quotient is a person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.

intelligence

Students with a ______ disability are the largest group to receive special education services.

learning

During the elementary school years, boys are usually ______ (taller/shorter) on average than girls.

shorter

Good thinkers routinely use ______ and effective planning tp solve problems.

strategies

Cortical thickening in the ______ and frontal lobe areas of the brain may underlie children's improvements in language abilities.

temporal

In which lobes of the brain does cortical thickening appear during middle and late childhood?

temporal and frontal lobes

The reading instruction approach that emphasizes teaching the basic rules for translating written symbols into wounds is called ______.

the phonics approach

True of False: Before learning to read, children generally learn to use to language to talk about things that are not present, learn what a word is, and learn how to recognize sounds and talk about them.

true

True or False: Disease and death are less prevalent during middle and late childhood than during adolescence.

true

Children grow and average of _______ to ______ inches per year during the elementary school years.

two; three

Young children have a (an) ______ evaluation of their memory abilities.

unrealistic

People in ______ cultures tend to view intelligence in terms of reasoning and thinking skills, whereas in other cultures intelligence is regarded as a way for members of a community to successfully engage in social roles.

western

In classroom adopting a _____ approach, beginning readers are taught to recognize words or even entire sentences and to use the context of what they read to guess at the meeting of words.

whole-language